Initial abbreviation (initialisms)

1. with alphabetical reading (UK)

2. read as words (acronyms) (UNESCO)

3. coincide with words (NOW, CLASS)

CLIPPING:

1. the beginning of word is clipped (apheresis)

copter ← helicopter

2. the middle of the word is clipped (syncope)

maths ← mathematics

3. the end is clipped (apocope)

expo (exposition); в русском: уже – уж, или – иль.

Sometimes we have a combination of apocope with apheresis

tec (detective), van (avantguard).

Secondary ways of wordbuilding.

Sound interchange

(to strike – stroke, to sing – song, blood – bleed, life – to live)

Stress interchange

(to ex’port – ‘export, to re’cord – ‘record, to ex’tract - ‘extract)

Sound imitation

1. sounds produced by human beings (to giggle, to whistle)

2. sounds produced by animals, birds… (to bark, to twitter)

3. sounds produced by nature and objects (to splash, to bubble)

BLENDING

Here two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition. As a result we have a compound-affixed word

Smog = smoke + fog; chunnel = channel tunnel.

BACK FORMATION (or DISAFFIXATION)

The final morpheme of a word is dropped as a result of misunderstanding the structure of a borrowedword.

(beggar was borrowed from French, → beg.)

(to bach from bachelor)

6.The Word stock of the English language

Etymological survey of the English word-stock

Native words. They constitute only 30% of the English vocabulary, are the most frequently used words.

Indo-European – the oldest layer: words denoting kinship (father, pater, Vater); words denoting animals and birds (cat, Katze,кот); parts of a human body (heart, Hertz, сердце);

Common Germanic – (German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic) : summer, winter, life, shoe, buy, burn, meet, rise, see, broad, dead, deaf, deep etc.

Native words have a great wordbuilding capacity, they are mostly polysemantic.

BORROWINGS.

More than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. Mostly they are words of Romanic origin ( Latin, French, Italian, Spanish). Source of borrowing – the language from which the word was taken. The origin of borrowing – the language to which the word may be traced. (paper ←Fr papier ←Lat papyrus← Gr papyrus).

English now has become a giving language, a lingua franca of the 21^st century.

Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect.

1. Phonetic borrowings (loan words proper) labour, travel, table

2. Translation loans (masterpiece -German, to take the bull by the horns –Latin)

3. Semantic borrowings (gift – OE «выкуп за жену», MnE «дар, подарок»)

4. Morphemic borrowings (-able)

Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.

2. Completely assimilated (are not felt as foreign words – capital, service, gate, correct)

3. Partly assimilated (non-assimilated semantically –taiga, steppe; non-assimilated grammatically – phenomenon-phenomena; non-assimilated phonetically –voice, zero; partly assimilated graphically –chaos, psychology)

4. Non- assimilated (barbarisms – dolce vita, coup d’etat)

Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed.