6. The most productive ways of word-formation wordbuilding

Affixation

Suffixation.

Suffixes can be classified:

1. part-of-speech classification:

1. noun-forming ( -er)

2. adjective-forming (-less)

3. verb-forming (-ify)

4. adverb-forming (-wise)

5. numeral-forming (-ty)

2. Semantic classification:

   1. the agent of the action (-er0

   2. nationality (-ian’)

   3. collectivity (-dom)

   4. diminutiveness (-let, -ette)

   5. quality (-ness)

   6. feminine gender (-ess)

   7. abstract notion (-hood0

   8. derogatory meaning (-ard, -ster)

3. Lexico-grammatical:

   1. suffixes added to verbal stems (-er, -ing, -able)

   2. suffixes added to noun stems (-ful, ster,-nik)

   3. suffixes added to adjective stems (-ly, -ish, -ness, -en)

4. Origin of suffixes:

   1. native ( -er, -ful, -ly, -dom, -ed, -en, -hood, -ing)

   2. Romanic ( (-tion, -ment, -able/ible, -ard)

   3. Greek ( -ist, -ism, -ize)

   4. Russian (-nik)

5. Productivity :

   1. productive (-er, -ize,-ly,-ness)

   2. semi-productive ( -eer, -ette,--ward)

   3. non-productive ( -ard, -th)

6. Structure :

a)simple (-er, -ist)

b) compound ( -ical, -ation, -manship

Preffixes :

1. Semantic classificaton :

   1. negative meaning (in-,non-, un-)

   2. denoting repetition or reversative actions ( de-, dis, re-)

   3. denoting time, space and degree relations ( inter-, hyper-, ex-,pre-)

2. origin of prefixes:

   1. native ( germanic- un-, over-, under-)

   2. Romanic (ex-, re-,de-)

   3. .Greek ( sym-,hyper-)

Composition.

The structural unity of a compound word depends upon: the unity of stress, solid or hyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntactical functioning.

Ways of forming compound words:

Reduplication	Partial conversion from word-groups	Back formation from compound nouns	analogy	Contrast
Too-too Rope-ripe Toy-boy	Can-do Make-up	To baby-sit To finger-print	Lie-in (sit-in) Brown-gain (brain-drain)	Brain-gain

English compounds can be classified according to:

1. the parts of speech:

nouns (glpbe-trotter), adjectives ( free-for-all), verbs (to honeymoon), adverbs ( headfirst), prepositions ( into), numerals ( fifty-five)

2. According to the way the components are joined together:

   1. neutral (ballpoint), morphological ( sportsman), syntactical ( here-and-now, do-or-die)

3. According to their structure :

   1. compound words proper( train-sick), compound-affixed ( videoplayer), compound-shortened words ( Eurodollar)

4. According to the relations between the components:

   1. subordinative compounds : comparative relations (eggshell-thin), limiting relations (knee-deep), time relations ( summer-house), , sex relations (she-goat)

   2. Coordinative relations : compound relations where one person has two functions (woman-doctor), tautological compounds ( roadway

5) According to the order ( direct (syntactic), indirect ( nuclear-free)

6) According to the meaning :idiomatic and non-idiomatic.

Conversion

N---V ( to eye, to crowd, to fish, to winter)

V----N ( a jump, a sleep, a scold)

Abbreviation

Graphical abbreviation:

of latin origin (e.g., a.m., No., ie)

of native origin (Mon – Monday, Aug – August, Yorks – Yorkshive; Mr, Mrs, Ms, col – colonel; BA – Bachelor of Arts;

m - can be read as: male, married, masculine, metre, mile, million, minute.