- •The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •Articulatoty and Physiological Classification of English Sounds
- •1. The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •2. Articulatoty and Physiological Aspect of Speech Sounds
- •1. The Verb. The category of tense. The opposition of tense forms.
- •2. Phonetics as a science.
- •2. The peculiarities of the Old English Finite and Non - Finite forms of the verb.
- •1. The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1. Semasiology. Different approaches to the study of meaning. The semantic structure of the word.
- •1. English Phraseology. Types of word - groups. Different approaches to the study of phraseological units
- •2. Borrowings and native words.
- •2.Old English system of verbs.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1Noun system of Old English
- •1. Phonetics as a science.
- •1 Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •2. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •1. The definition of Intonation.
- •2. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •Stress. Strong and weak forms. Unstressed vocalism
- •1. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation.
- •2. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •Билет №18
- •1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •2. The brunch of lexicology, that is devoted to the study of meaning is known as Semasiology.
- •1.The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •2)Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •2 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •1 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •2The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1 Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •2 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •1. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •2. The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •1. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •2. 1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •1. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •2. The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1 .Old English system of verbs.
- •2 The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •1 Borrowings and native words.
- •2 Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •2.The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
2. Articulatoty and Physiological Aspect of Speech Sounds
sounds formed for the purpose of verbal communication by the human vocal apparatus (the lungs; larynx and vocal cords; pharynx; oral cavity with the tongue; lips; uvula; and the nasal cavity). There are three aspects of speech sounds: the articulatory, the acoustical, and the linguistic, or social. Sometimes a fourth aspect, that of perception, is also distinguished. There are many classifications of speech sounds, based primarily on articulatory features.
In speech sounds there are both tones and noises. Tones occur from the periodic vibrations of the source of sounds, the vocal cords in speech. Noises occur as a result of non-periodic vibrations in a stream of air coming from the lungs that is either stopped or allowed to pass through the small openings in the cavities above the larynx. All of the vowels are tones, unvoiced consonants are noises, and voiced consonants are a combination of tone and noise. Vowels are usually distinguished by row and height, that is, where the tongue is placed in making the sound. Consonants are characterized by the amount of voice, the nature and place of the noise-producing stop, and the active organ involved in producing the sound.
Acoustically speech sounds, like other sounds in nature, involve the vibration of a taut medium having a specific spectrum, intensity, and duration. Including overtones higher than the basic vibrations themselves, speech sounds range from 70 to 10,000 or 12,000 vibrations per second, falling entirely within the range of sounds audible to the human ear (16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). The same applies to intensity: the normal level of speech does not exceed 80–90 decibels (dB), and sounds become painful to the human ear at 120–130 dB.
In modern phonetics (phonology) the linguistic aspect of speech is generally recognized as predominant, since only from this point of view can we speak of specific speech sounds. Sounds do not appear in speech directly, but are represented and realized by phonemes.
Билет№4
1. The Verb. The category of tense. The opposition of tense forms.
Time and tense (He likes to read. He will read for hours. – He will read at 5 o’clock.)
3 basic categories of the verb: aspect, correlation and voice. They are constituted by 2 forms of the verb – analytical and non-analytical. The categories of mood, tense and person are basically different. They are characteristic of only finite forms of the verb. The category of tense, being a predicative category, differs from other categories in its structure, grammatical meaning and its syntactic function because it is connected with the essence of the speech act, with interpersonal relations.
The opposition of past and present is not the opposition of just 2 verbal forms but the opposition of 2 systems of forms:
Present Past
Works Worked
He is working He was working
He has worked He had worked
He has been working He had been working
He is working He was working
He is going to work He was going to work
He is to work He was to work
Functionally all the forms, entering these two systems, are the same. They’re used in the syntactic function of the predicate in the sentence. But in speech in the plane of communication the present forms reveal their specific character: they reflect facts and evens as actual, immediately related to the participants of the speech act. On the contrary, the forms of the past reflect something that is already the past, history, not immediately related to the participants of the speech act. What is represented by the past forms is of some cognitive interest to the addressee.
e.g. I have just seen him. I saw him just now.
e.g. They are coming tomorrow.
If we admit that the tense forms of the present express reality and make the information actual for the participants of the speech act, it is possible then to account for the rule ‘in clauses of time and condition forms of the present are used instead of the future’ (though the verb expresses a future action). The same is relevant for the use of the forms of the present in object clauses after the verbs with the meaning know, learn, find, imagine, see (that), look, take care, mind, etc.:
I’ll let you know what happens when I speak to him.
I’ll take care that he doesn’t.
If you watch, you’ll certainly find that he gets a good job in a few months.
The problem of the future tense: will+Infinitive.
An instant or spontaneous decision to do something (We’ve run out of paper for the printer. – I’ll go and get some. I think I’ll go home.)
Predictions of a general character (Over the next few years, interactive TV will make a great impact on consumer behavior, and advertisers will have to approach customers in a completely different way.)
Requests, promises, threats, offering help, etc. (Will you give me a hand with those boxes? –Of course I will.)
Other ways to express a future action: Present Continuous, going to (What are you doing on Friday afternoon?- We should have left much earlier. We are going to be late.)
Compare: I don’t think the present government will win the elections. - I don’t think the present government is going to win the elections.
Look – looked or look – looked or look – looked – will look?