- •The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •Articulatoty and Physiological Classification of English Sounds
- •1. The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •2. Articulatoty and Physiological Aspect of Speech Sounds
- •1. The Verb. The category of tense. The opposition of tense forms.
- •2. Phonetics as a science.
- •2. The peculiarities of the Old English Finite and Non - Finite forms of the verb.
- •1. The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1. Semasiology. Different approaches to the study of meaning. The semantic structure of the word.
- •1. English Phraseology. Types of word - groups. Different approaches to the study of phraseological units
- •2. Borrowings and native words.
- •2.Old English system of verbs.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1Noun system of Old English
- •1. Phonetics as a science.
- •1 Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •2. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •1. The definition of Intonation.
- •2. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •Stress. Strong and weak forms. Unstressed vocalism
- •1. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation.
- •2. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •Билет №18
- •1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •2. The brunch of lexicology, that is devoted to the study of meaning is known as Semasiology.
- •1.The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •2)Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •2 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •1 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •2The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1 Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •2 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •1. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •2. The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •1. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •2. 1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •1. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •2. The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1 .Old English system of verbs.
- •2 The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •1 Borrowings and native words.
- •2 Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •2.The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
1. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers - the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words In fact native words comprise only 30% of the total number of words in the English vocabulary. The native words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical valency, they are highly polysemantic and productive in forming word clusters and set expressions.
Borrowings-the term is used to denote the process of adopting words from other languages and also the result of this process. Borrowed words or loanwords are words taken from another language and modified according to the patterns of the receiving language. In many cases a borrowed word especially one borrowed long ago is practically indistinguishable from a native word without a thorough etymological analysis.
Source of borrowings. - is appliede to the lang from which particular words were taken into Engl. Original borrowings. - the term is applied to the language the word may be traced to. Assimilation - the process of the changing of the adopted words. A. of thr borrowings includes changes in: sound form; morphological strct; grammar charact-s; usage.
Completely assimilated borrowings - are the words which have undergone all types of Assimilation. They are active in word formation. Partially assim-d b. - the words which lack one of the types of A. They are subdivided into: borrow. not ass-d grammatically (nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek); borrow. not ass-d phonetically (contain peculiarities in stress, not standard for English); barbarisms - words from other lang. , used by English people in conversations or writing, but not assimilated in any way.
Why are words borrowed? Wars, conquests; trade, international and cultural relations; to fill the gap in vocabulary; words, which express some particular notion; enrichment of word groups (syn., ant…).
2. 1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.[1] This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.
Typically, in passive clauses, what would otherwise be expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb comes to be expressed by the subject, while what would otherwise be expressed by the subject is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs.[2]
Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.[3] The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role;[3] it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.[4] The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.
The difference between Active and Passive Voice is as the terms are defined.
For example, in Active Voice the subject is performing or doing an action, thus the term doer. In Active Voice the subject is actively involved in the action.
On the other hand, in Passive Voice the doer is no longer the subject, and the subject is no longer participating in any action, but rather, the action is being done to the subject; thus, the subject is now the receiver. In this voice, the sentence wants to emphasize the action and NOT who is doing the action.
If you consider all of the skills involved in learning a language: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, two are active and two are passive. Speaking and writing are skills that require action while listening and reading require little or no action, thus passive skills.
For example: The man is reading the newspaper. (Active Voice – The subject or the doer is reading.)
The newspaper is being read by the man. (Passive Voice – The subject in this sentence is not doing anything, but it is receiver of the action).
Can all sentences be written both in Active or Passive Voice?
The answer is No. Only those sentences that have a subject, a verb, and an OBJECT can be converted into Passive Voice.
There are many verbs that have no object. Some examples:
The woman is crying. (No object)
The students are going to the library. (No object)
The above sentences can ONLY be written in Active Voice. Verbs that do not have an object are called intransitive verbs. When you look a verb up in a dictionary, you will see an “i” after the verb.
On the other hand, if there is an object in the sentence, it can be written in Passive Voice. Some examples of sentences with an object are:
The man bought a newspaper. (Active Voice)
The newspaper was bought by the man. (Passive Voice)
The above sentences can be written in both Active and Passive Voice because there is an object in the Active Voice, in this case, the newspaper. Verbs that have an object are called transitive verbs. When you look a verb up in a dictionary to determine if a verb can be in either Active or Passive Voice or both, you will see a “t” after the verb.
Why use Passive Voice?
Active Voice is preferred voice in English, because it is shorter, shorter, and more direct. Passive Voice, however, uses longer sentences and is used frequently in formal writing. There are several reasons to use Passive Voice. Some of the more common reasons are:
1. When the subject or doer of the action is not known
Examples: The paper was left on my desk.
My wallet was stolen.
The alarm was rung.
2. When the focus has to be about the receiver and not the doer
Examples: The telephone was discovered by Alexander Graham Bell.
The bill was paid by the client.
3. When the subject or doer is obvious or represents a large group and doesn’t need to be stated.
The test was given.
The suspect was arrested.
Rice is grown in China.
English is spoken in the United States.
4. When the doer of the action is known but does not want to be mentioned because it might be something wrong.
Examples: The top of the deck was ruined.
The window was broken.
5. When are writing an essay or assignment and you want to vary the voice in your writing to avoid monotony
How is the Passive Voice Formed?
In statements The Passive Voice requires
The verb To Be + The Past Participle.
In Perfect Tenses in Passive Voice, the sentences require:
Some form of the verb HAVE (Have, Has, Had, Will Have) + BEEN + The Past Participle
In negative sentences, add the word NOT after the verb.
In questions follow the correct word order: Verb+ Verb + Subject in all questions EXCEPT when asking a question with WHO, use WHOM
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