- •The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •Articulatoty and Physiological Classification of English Sounds
- •1. The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •2. Articulatoty and Physiological Aspect of Speech Sounds
- •1. The Verb. The category of tense. The opposition of tense forms.
- •2. Phonetics as a science.
- •2. The peculiarities of the Old English Finite and Non - Finite forms of the verb.
- •1. The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1. Semasiology. Different approaches to the study of meaning. The semantic structure of the word.
- •1. English Phraseology. Types of word - groups. Different approaches to the study of phraseological units
- •2. Borrowings and native words.
- •2.Old English system of verbs.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1Noun system of Old English
- •1. Phonetics as a science.
- •1 Classification of English Consonants and Vowels
- •2. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •1. The definition of Intonation.
- •2. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •Stress. Strong and weak forms. Unstressed vocalism
- •1. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation.
- •2. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •Билет №18
- •1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •2. The brunch of lexicology, that is devoted to the study of meaning is known as Semasiology.
- •1.The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •2)Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •2 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •1 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
- •2The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
- •1 Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
- •1 Polysemy and context. Semantic change.
- •2 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
- •Imperative [edit]
- •1. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
- •2. The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
- •1. Etymological survey of the English vocabulary. Native words and Borrowings. General classification of borrowings.
- •2. 1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
- •1. Lexicography as the science of compiling dictionaries. Types of dictionaries.
- •2. The problem of Future – in – the Past. Different opinions of the existence of a future tense in English.
- •2. Old English nominal categories
- •1 .Old English system of verbs.
- •2 The Noun. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The category of number and gender. Nouns.
- •1 Borrowings and native words.
- •2 Parts of Speech. Criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. Different classifications of parts of speech.
- •2.The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
1. English vocabulary as a system. Non – semantic groupings of words (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms). Non-Semantic Grouping
Words may be grouped according to their initial letters. Alphabetic
organization is the simplest and most universal grouping of written words used in
most dictionaries. Grouping according to the words’ final letters is used in inverse
dictionaries and helps to make lists of words with similar suffixes or rhymin
words.
Grouping according to the length of words (the number of letters they
contain) is meant for communication engineering, automatic reading of messages
and correction of mistakes. The number of syllables is important theoretocally:
shorter words occur more frequently and have a greater number of meanings.
Grouping according to the words’ frequency is based on statistical counts. It
is used for practical purposes in lexicography, language teaching and shorthand. It
is also important theoretically – the most frequent words are polysemantic and
stylistically neutral.
Synonymy is the coincidence in the essential meaning of words which usually
preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics.
Synonyms are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and
possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings,
interchangeable in some contexts. These words are distinguished by different shades
of meaning, connotations and stylistic features.
The synonymic dominant is the most general term potentially containing the
specific features rendered by all the other members of the group. The words face,
visage, countenance have a common denotational meaning "the front of the head"
which makes them close synonyms. Face is the dominant, the most general word;
countenance is the same part of the head with the reference to the expression it bears;
2. The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages, including English and most other Indo-European languages.
Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the agent of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb.[1] A sentence whose agent is marked as grammatical subject is called an active sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which the subject has the role of patient or theme is called a passive sentence, and its verb is expressed in passive voice. Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.
Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.[1] This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.
Typically, in passive clauses, what would otherwise be expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb comes to be expressed by the subject, while what would otherwise be expressed by the subject is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs.[2]
Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.[3] The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role;[3] it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.[4] The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.
Middle
Further information: Deponent verb, Reflexive verb, Mediopassive voice and Unaccusative verb
Some languages (such as Albanian, Bengali, Fula, Tamil, Sanskrit, Icelandic, Swedish and Ancient Greek) have a middle voice. This is a set of inflections or constructions which is to some extent different from both the active and passive voices. The middle voice is said to be in the middle between the active and the passive voices because the subject often cannot be categorized as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. For example it may express what would be an intransitive verb in English. For example, in The casserole cooked in the oven, cooked is syntactically active but semantically passive. In Classical Greek, the middle voice often has a reflexive sense: the subject acts on or for itself, such as "The boy washes himself", or "The boy washes". It can be transitive or intransitive. It can occasionally be used in a causative sense, such as "The father causes his son to be set free", or "The father ransoms his son".
In English there is no longer a verb form for the middle voice, though some uses may be classified as middle voice, often resolved via a reflexive pronoun, as in "Fred shaved", which may be expanded to "Fred shaved himself" – contrast with active "Fred shaved John" or passive "John was shaved by Fred". This need not be reflexive, as in "my clothes soaked in detergent overnight". English used to have a distinct form, called the passival, which was displaced over the early 19th century by the passive progressive (progressive passive), and is no longer used in English.[2][3] In the passival, one would say "the house is building", which is today instead "the house is being built"; likewise "the meal is eating", which is now "the meal is being eaten". Note that the similar "Fred is shaving" and "the clothes are soaking" remain grammatical. It is suggested that the progressive passive was popularized by the Romantic poets, and is connected with Bristol usage.[2][4]
Many deponent verbs in Latin are survivals of the Proto-Indo-European middle voice.
Билет №25