• Syntactical expressive means based on the reduction of sentence structure Prof. Galperin: Colloquial constructions

• Ellipsis = omission of one / both main members of sentence

- You can find out what charge is, can't you?

- Charge?

- Charge.

- Oh — charge. - Exactly, - Mr. Smith said, Charge. (G.Greene )

Ellipsis = a form of linguistic economy "compression" (I.V.Arnold)

• Speaker A: The airport! Speaker B: O.K

In direct (oral) intercourse Ellipsis is not an em. It is a norm of the spoken language

In creative prose Ellipsis is used as an em:

- to reflect the authenticity of oral speech

- to add connotations of intimacy and familiarity

Asyndeton - deliberate omission of structurally significant conjunctions / connectives

Who makes fame? Critics, writers, stockbrokers, women.

He cannot change it with the other rug; they are a different size. (A. Christie)

Bicket did not answer his throat felt too dry. (J. Galsworthy)

Is used:

- to imitate the spontaneity of oral communication

- to make the narrative measured, energetic and tense

• V. Kukharenko - apokoinu constructions the blending of two clauses through a word, which has two syntactical functions, one in each of the two blended clauses

There was a door led into the kitchen.

He was the man killed that deer.

There is no one can hurt you.

Nominative sentences = one-member sentences where the predicate is omitted

The nucleus of the sentence is the noun or a noun-like element = gerund, numeral

More running footsteps. A heavy pounding of many feet. Helmeted firemen streaming in. With them, bright lanterns, heavy equipment – axes, power jacks, cutting tools, lever bars. Little talk. Short staccato words. Grants, sharp orders. ( A.Hailey)

one word acquires both the word and the sentence stress

are used:

- to create dynamism of narration

- to achieve the telegraphic style

• structural types of nominative sentences

1.Unextended - a single element: Morning. April. Problems.

2.Extended - the basic component + one or more words modifying it:

Nice morning. Late April. Horribly great problems.

3.Multicomponent - two or more basic elements:Late April and horribly great problems.

• Aposiopesis / break-in-the-narrative (from Greek “silence”)= a sudden break in speech

“The name of my informant”, says the son, “is – let me see … what was it? … the name of my informant … the name of … the name … (M.Spark)

“Well …” – the word hung in the air, like smoke in a closed room. (R.Chandler)

• Is used:

- to focus the attention on what is left unsaid

- to reflect the emotional or/and psychological state of the speaker

I.V.Arnold: a/ suppression b/ aposiopesis

• suppression = a deliberate intention not to mention something

If everyone at twenty realised that half his life was to be lived after forty …(E.Waugh)

• aposiopesis - an involuntary halt in speech

"I ... I think you're just outrageous. The way you say things... The things you say ... I ... I've never met anyone the least like you. I ..." (A.Christie)

• Syntactical EM based on the redundancy / extension / expansion of sentence structure Prof. Galperin: ways of combining parts of the utterance

Repetition = an expressive reiteration

Types of repetition:

ordinary: Please, get well — fast - fast - fast. (J.Webster)

framing or ring:We are going to be lucky, we are. (J. Priestley )

catch repetition (anadiplosis ) : It was a nice face, a face you get to like. (R.Chandler )

• chain repetition : The originals were returned to the envelopes, and the envelopes to the box, and the box to the vault. ( R.Stout )

root-repetition:

"Schemmer, Karl Schemmer, was a brute, a brutish brute." (J. London)