- •4. Me phonetics: vowel (reduction, shortening/lengthening, development of oe monophthongs in me).
- •5. The Earliest Period of Germanic History
- •6. Development of Old English diphthongs inМ.English
- •7.Basic grammatical features of Germanic languages
- •8. The Great vowel shift
- •10. New English Phonetics: loss of unstressed –e, the change of –er into –ar, a into ǽ. Rise of new phonemes.
- •11. Old English. Historical background.
- •Вопрос 12 major vowel changes in ne. Great vowel shift. Vocalization of [r].
- •13. Old and Modern Germanic languages.
- •14. Middle and New English noun: morphological classification, grammatical categories.
- •15. Old English Dialects and Written Records.
- •16. Oe Verb. Grammatical categories and morphologiacal classification.
- •Вопрос 23 oe Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 24the origin of Modern English irregural verbs.
- •18. Latin borrowings in the epoch of Renaissance
- •19. French Loan-word
- •20.Scandinavian influence.
- •21) The subject-matter phonetics
- •24) General classification of speech sounds
- •25) Organs of speech.
- •2. The Larynx & the Vocal Folds
- •3. The Articulators
- •26) Classification of English consonants.
- •27 Vopros
- •Intonation
- •39)The Phoneme Theory
- •1. The material aspect
- •2. The abstract aspect
- •3. The functional aspect
- •Trancription / Notation
- •41)The Object of Lexicology.
- •41)The Definition of Linguistics.
- •43)Wordbuilding
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •Conversion
- •Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •44)Affixation
- •54. Archaisms. Neologisms. The classification of words according to time.
- •54.3. Four classification of words in point of time
- •55. Minor types of word formation
- •56. Word-composition. Criteria of composition.
- •56.1. Principles (problems) of composition
- •57. The problem of the Word. The theory of the Word.
- •58. Variants and dialects of the English language.
- •59. Phraseology as a linguistic science.
- •60. The Etymology of the English words. Words of native origin. Borrowings in the English language.
- •61.The subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar.
- •62. The main development stages of English theoretical grammar.
- •63)General characteristics of the structure of modern english.
- •64) Morphemic and Categorical Structure of the Word.
- •65. Grammatical category and its characteristic features. Grammatical Classes of Words
- •67. Notional words and function words in Modern English.
- •68. Different interpretations of the meaning of the English articles. The main functions of the English articles.
- •69. Principal parts of the sentence. Their general characteristics
- •70. The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
- •71. The predicate as the main means of expressing predication. Types of predicates.
- •73. Word-combination (wc) and their basic types.
- •74. Syntax as part of Grammar. Main Units of English syntax.
- •75.Classification of sentences based on their communicative function
- •76.The category of tense in me
- •77.The category of case of English nouns
- •79. The grammatical category of number
- •80. The category of mood
79. The grammatical category of number
Presents a specific linguistic reflection of quantitative relations between homogeneous objects of reality conceptualized by the human mind. It is constituted by the binary opposition of singular and plural forms. The formal marker of the opposition is represented by several phonetically and historically conditioned allomorphs, such as [-z] (boys), [-s] (cats), [-iz] (classes), [0] (, sheep), [-en] (oxen), [ ae ] (antennae), [ ai] (radii) etc. There are quite a few doublets among the plural forms which differ either lexically (a penny - pennies (coins), pence ( a sum of money)
Semantically the forms of the plural are not homogeneous either. The paradigmatic meaning of plurality is represented by a number of syntagmatic variants, such as: discrete plurality (books, houses), indiscrete plurality (hours, miles), partitive plurality (spectacles), variety plurality (wines, cheeses, fruits,), space plurality (snows, sands, waters), family, or clan plurality {the Browns, the Smiths).
From the point of view of their number characteristics the English nouns fall into two classes: countable and uncountable. This feature of the noun determines its choice of the article, the quantitative pronoun and the form of the predicate (singular or plural). Uncountable nouns are further subdivided into two groups: Singularia Tantum and Pluralia Tantum. The group of Singularia Tantum includes:.1. names of abstract notions (love, friendship etc.); 2. names of mass materials ( bread, butter, sugar etc.); 3. names of some collective inanimate objects (foliage, machinery etc.); 4. names of sciences and professional activities ( medicine, architecture etc.); 5. nouns of heterogeneous semantics. This is a limited group and includes such nouns as: hair, advice; knowledge, money, information, news. The first four groups of nouns of Singularia Tantum denote concepts which are incompatible (несовместим.) with the idea of countability.
Singularia Tantum nouns, when used in the plural form, always acquire additional meanings. Tax moneys means considerable sums o.f money coming from various taxes (this explanation was suggested by an English speaker who used this noun in the plural).
The group of Pluralia Tantum nouns includes: 1. nouns denoting objects consisting of two parts ( trousers, spectacles etc.); 2. nouns denoting results of repeated processes (savings, labours, belongings etc.); 3. nouns of multitude (police, gentry, poultry, cattle);4. nouns of various semantics ( oats, outskirts, clothes etc.).
80. The category of mood
The category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so many discussions and has been treated in so many ways, that it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more or less acceptable conclusion. The only points in the sphere of mood which haven’t been disputed are the following: 1) there is a category of mood in Modern English ( Mood- is the grammatical category of the verb, which expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to reality from the speaker’s point of view); 2) there are at least 2 moods in the modern English verb, one of which is the indicative. (The indicative mood is the basic mood of the verb. Morphologically it’s the most developed system including all the categories of the verb. Semantically it’s a fact mood. It serves to present an action as a fact of reality. It’s the most objective of all the moods. It conveys minimum personal attitude to the fact: Ex. Water consists of oxygen.)
2 groups of Moods (generally):
- the real or fact Moods
- the unreal, non-fact, oblique Moods.
The Indicative Mood is the only real mood in the English language. It represents an action as a real fact. The forms of the Ind. Mood are the tense-aspect forms of the verb.
There are 2 non-fact Moods in English: the Imperative Mood (represents an action as a command, urging, request. It’s a direct expression of one’s will. It’s much more ‘subjective’ than the ind. Mood. It’s modal mean-g is very strong &distinct: ex. Someone make an offer and quick!) and the Subjunctive Mood (it represents an action as a non-fact, as smth imaginary, desirable, problematic, contrary to reality: ex. I wish he were here now.)The hypothetic desirable in the form of advice, request, recommendation, order and so on. There is another point of view on the imperative Mood: (we don’t mark the action as real or unreal!) – Stelling (Штелинг) considers the Imperative form Mood the grammatical idiom.
The Subjunctive Mood represents an action as unreal: 2 degrees of reality: not quite real (Present, Future), quite unreal (for the Past).
Some linguists think that the past indefinite and the Past Perfect used to denote an unreal action are not mood forms at all, but tense forms.
The classification system of moods presented by A.I.Smirnitsky. It appears to be the most consistent because it is meaning-oriented and it also takes into consideration the difference between an analytical form and a free syntactic combination. His system of moods includes six moods: the Indicative, the Imperative, Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, the Conditional Mood and the Suppositional mood.