- •4. Me phonetics: vowel (reduction, shortening/lengthening, development of oe monophthongs in me).
- •5. The Earliest Period of Germanic History
- •6. Development of Old English diphthongs inМ.English
- •7.Basic grammatical features of Germanic languages
- •8. The Great vowel shift
- •10. New English Phonetics: loss of unstressed –e, the change of –er into –ar, a into ǽ. Rise of new phonemes.
- •11. Old English. Historical background.
- •Вопрос 12 major vowel changes in ne. Great vowel shift. Vocalization of [r].
- •13. Old and Modern Germanic languages.
- •14. Middle and New English noun: morphological classification, grammatical categories.
- •15. Old English Dialects and Written Records.
- •16. Oe Verb. Grammatical categories and morphologiacal classification.
- •Вопрос 23 oe Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 24the origin of Modern English irregural verbs.
- •18. Latin borrowings in the epoch of Renaissance
- •19. French Loan-word
- •20.Scandinavian influence.
- •21) The subject-matter phonetics
- •24) General classification of speech sounds
- •25) Organs of speech.
- •2. The Larynx & the Vocal Folds
- •3. The Articulators
- •26) Classification of English consonants.
- •27 Vopros
- •Intonation
- •39)The Phoneme Theory
- •1. The material aspect
- •2. The abstract aspect
- •3. The functional aspect
- •Trancription / Notation
- •41)The Object of Lexicology.
- •41)The Definition of Linguistics.
- •43)Wordbuilding
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •Conversion
- •Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •44)Affixation
- •54. Archaisms. Neologisms. The classification of words according to time.
- •54.3. Four classification of words in point of time
- •55. Minor types of word formation
- •56. Word-composition. Criteria of composition.
- •56.1. Principles (problems) of composition
- •57. The problem of the Word. The theory of the Word.
- •58. Variants and dialects of the English language.
- •59. Phraseology as a linguistic science.
- •60. The Etymology of the English words. Words of native origin. Borrowings in the English language.
- •61.The subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar.
- •62. The main development stages of English theoretical grammar.
- •63)General characteristics of the structure of modern english.
- •64) Morphemic and Categorical Structure of the Word.
- •65. Grammatical category and its characteristic features. Grammatical Classes of Words
- •67. Notional words and function words in Modern English.
- •68. Different interpretations of the meaning of the English articles. The main functions of the English articles.
- •69. Principal parts of the sentence. Their general characteristics
- •70. The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
- •71. The predicate as the main means of expressing predication. Types of predicates.
- •73. Word-combination (wc) and their basic types.
- •74. Syntax as part of Grammar. Main Units of English syntax.
- •75.Classification of sentences based on their communicative function
- •76.The category of tense in me
- •77.The category of case of English nouns
- •79. The grammatical category of number
- •80. The category of mood
77.The category of case of English nouns
It’s a form of a noun showing the relations of that noun to other words in the sent. It helps to define the syntactic function of the N. in the sent. It’s a morphological category in English, because it’s represented by dif. w-forms of one and the same noun. Most linguists regard it as such & agree that the Eng. noun has 2 distinct cases, because it has 2 distinct form cases.
The genitive case- is built up by the opposition of 2 forms (the com.case & the genet.case). The form of the gen. case is marked. The formal marker is the case morpheme is represented by a number of phonol. conditioned allomorphs [s, z, iz]. It’s characterized by a number of points limit in its use in the lang. Its mainly applied to names of human beings, but it can be used with some inanimate nouns: esp. denoting time & space relations (yesterday’s paper) and some adverbs…
The common case- this form is unmarked & is represented by a zero morpheme. In plural nouns the case morpheme & the number morpheme are very often expressed by one & the same morpheme “ ‘ “: boys’ toys. In nouns that build up the plural with the help of other means but “s” ( children, women) the case morpheme is expressed separately by the suffix ‘s which follows the morpheme of number.The mean-g of the common case is very broad & extensive, it simply shows that this or that N is non-genetive. It can be used in any syntactic positions in the sent. The use of nouns in the common case is very frequent (98%).
The method of transformational analysis: the mean-g of gen.case:
1) possessive (John’s car, the bird’s nest) = John has a car
2) the subjective genitive (doctor’s advice, my husband’s arrival). Can be transformed: the doctor adviced…- the doer/subject of the action
3) the objective mean-g (John’s punishment, surprise) 2 ways of transformation: John was punished, smb surprised John- the sufferer of the action.
4) adverbial genitive (2 hours’ work)
5) genitive of destination (men’s shoes)
The number of cases in Modern English: there are dif. views on this problem. Historically there was one common case system for both nouns & personal pronouns in old English. Some scholars try to introduce a 3 case system. According to them nouns & personal pronouns have nominative case. Other scholars(J.Curme): find 4 cases –nominative, genitive, dative, accusative. Prof. Voroncova thinks that the category of case doesn’t exist in English because it’s not a case inflection(окончания).
78. The category of voice
The category of voice (which is found both with finite and non-finite forms) is one of the most formal grammatical categories, because this category doesn’t refer to any fragment of reality, doesn’t reflect any fragment of reality – it’s a way of describing a certain fragment of reality. The category of voice deals with the participants of a happening (doer, action, object) and how they are represented in the sentence (subject, predicate, object). The Active Voice shows that the grammatical subject of the sentence or the subjectival is the doer of the action, denoted by the verb, the Passive Voice shows that the subject or the subjectival is an object of the action. The frequency of occurrence of the English Passive Voice is very great, greater than in Russian. One of the reasons is that the number of verbs capable of forming the Passive Voice is greater in English than in Russian. In many languages: PV – transitive verbs, in English: PV – any object verb. In some cases the lex. character of the verb the subj. of the active construction can’t be regarded as the doer of the action. These cases are: ex. He lost his father in the war.; he broke his leg. Disagreement btw the gram. form of the verb and the lex. mean-g of the verb. Due to the lex. mean-g of the V the semantics of the construction becomes passive. In fact the subj. is not the doer, but the sufferer. Some grammarians treat these constructions as active due to the gram. form.
Opposition: active – passive. Passive – marked -> pattern “be + II participle”, active –unmarked
Forms of Fut.Cont, Present Perf.Cont, Past Perf.Cont, Future Perf.Cont – no parallel forms in passive.
Any other voices??? -> doubts and controversy
- the reflexive voice (eq.He dressed himself) – the agent and the object of the action simultaneously ;
- the reciprocal voice (They greeted each other) – not 1 person; action aimed at the other member of the same group;
- the middle voice (The door opened) – the form of the v is act, but the meaning is passive.
The active voice has a number of mean-gs: active, passive, middle, reflective, reciprocal.
Pr. Ilyish “ Eng. Has several voices. The classif-n is based on mean-g only.
Pr. Barhudarov calls the active voice non-passive.
The idea of the Passive voice is expressed not only by means of “to be + P2”, but by means of “get”, “come”, “go” + P2 and “get” + passive infinitive (ingressive meaning - He got involved; He got to be respected).
The existence of various means of expressing voice distinctions makes it possible to consider voice as a functional-semantic category with the grammatical category of voice as its center and other means of expressing voice as a periphery.