- •4. Me phonetics: vowel (reduction, shortening/lengthening, development of oe monophthongs in me).
- •5. The Earliest Period of Germanic History
- •6. Development of Old English diphthongs inМ.English
- •7.Basic grammatical features of Germanic languages
- •8. The Great vowel shift
- •10. New English Phonetics: loss of unstressed –e, the change of –er into –ar, a into ǽ. Rise of new phonemes.
- •11. Old English. Historical background.
- •Вопрос 12 major vowel changes in ne. Great vowel shift. Vocalization of [r].
- •13. Old and Modern Germanic languages.
- •14. Middle and New English noun: morphological classification, grammatical categories.
- •15. Old English Dialects and Written Records.
- •16. Oe Verb. Grammatical categories and morphologiacal classification.
- •Вопрос 23 oe Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 24the origin of Modern English irregural verbs.
- •18. Latin borrowings in the epoch of Renaissance
- •19. French Loan-word
- •20.Scandinavian influence.
- •21) The subject-matter phonetics
- •24) General classification of speech sounds
- •25) Organs of speech.
- •2. The Larynx & the Vocal Folds
- •3. The Articulators
- •26) Classification of English consonants.
- •27 Vopros
- •Intonation
- •39)The Phoneme Theory
- •1. The material aspect
- •2. The abstract aspect
- •3. The functional aspect
- •Trancription / Notation
- •41)The Object of Lexicology.
- •41)The Definition of Linguistics.
- •43)Wordbuilding
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •Conversion
- •Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •44)Affixation
- •54. Archaisms. Neologisms. The classification of words according to time.
- •54.3. Four classification of words in point of time
- •55. Minor types of word formation
- •56. Word-composition. Criteria of composition.
- •56.1. Principles (problems) of composition
- •57. The problem of the Word. The theory of the Word.
- •58. Variants and dialects of the English language.
- •59. Phraseology as a linguistic science.
- •60. The Etymology of the English words. Words of native origin. Borrowings in the English language.
- •61.The subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar.
- •62. The main development stages of English theoretical grammar.
- •63)General characteristics of the structure of modern english.
- •64) Morphemic and Categorical Structure of the Word.
- •65. Grammatical category and its characteristic features. Grammatical Classes of Words
- •67. Notional words and function words in Modern English.
- •68. Different interpretations of the meaning of the English articles. The main functions of the English articles.
- •69. Principal parts of the sentence. Their general characteristics
- •70. The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
- •71. The predicate as the main means of expressing predication. Types of predicates.
- •73. Word-combination (wc) and their basic types.
- •74. Syntax as part of Grammar. Main Units of English syntax.
- •75.Classification of sentences based on their communicative function
- •76.The category of tense in me
- •77.The category of case of English nouns
- •79. The grammatical category of number
- •80. The category of mood
69. Principal parts of the sentence. Their general characteristics
The subject and the predicate constitute the backbone of the sentence: without them the sentence would not exist at all, whereas all other parts may or may not be there, and if they are there, they serve to define or modify either the subject or the predicate, or each other.
The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
1. It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate.
2. It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
It may be expressed by different parts of speech, the most frequent ones being: a noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, an infinitive, and a gerund. It may also be expressed by a phrase.
The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
1. It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject
2. It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
3. Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be considered under the heading of types of predicate.
It is sometimes claimed that the predicate agrees in number with the subject: when the subject is in the singular, the predicate is bound to be in the singular, and vice versa. However this statement is very doubtful.
•E.g. My family are early risers. + The question of concord refers to the level of phrases, not sentences.
70. The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
The subject is the independent member of a two-member predication, containing the person component of predicativity. The subject is generally defined as a word or a group of words denoting the thing we speak about. The subject of a simple sentence can be a word, a syntactical word-morpheme or a complex. As a word it can belong to different parts of speech, but it is mostly a noun or a pronoun. A word used as a subject combines the lexical meaning with the structural meaning of “person”. So it is at the same time the structural and the notional subject. We may speak of a secondary subject within a complex. The syntactical word-morphemes there and it may also function as secondary subjects (It being cold, we put on our coats. I knew of there being no one to help them). The analysis of sentences like He was seen to enter the house, is a point at issue. Traditionally the infinitive is said to form part of the complex subject (He…to enter). Ilyish maintains that though satisfactory from the logical point of view, this interpretation seems to be artificial grammatically, this splitting of the subject being alien to English. He suggests that only HE should be treated as a subject, whereas was sees to enter represents a peculiar type of compound predicate. Some grammarians (Smirnitsky, Ganshina) speak of definite-personal, indefinite-personal, impersonal sentences, but it is a semantical classification of subjects, not sentences. If we compare the subject in English with that of Russian we shall find a considerable difference between them. In Russian the subject is characterized by a distinct morphological feature – the nominative case, in English it is indicated by the position it occupies in the sentence. In Russian the subject is much less obligatory as a part of the sentence than in English. In English the subject may be a syntactical word-morpheme, a gerund, or a complex, which is alien to Russian.