- •4. Me phonetics: vowel (reduction, shortening/lengthening, development of oe monophthongs in me).
- •5. The Earliest Period of Germanic History
- •6. Development of Old English diphthongs inМ.English
- •7.Basic grammatical features of Germanic languages
- •8. The Great vowel shift
- •10. New English Phonetics: loss of unstressed –e, the change of –er into –ar, a into ǽ. Rise of new phonemes.
- •11. Old English. Historical background.
- •Вопрос 12 major vowel changes in ne. Great vowel shift. Vocalization of [r].
- •13. Old and Modern Germanic languages.
- •14. Middle and New English noun: morphological classification, grammatical categories.
- •15. Old English Dialects and Written Records.
- •16. Oe Verb. Grammatical categories and morphologiacal classification.
- •Вопрос 23 oe Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 24the origin of Modern English irregural verbs.
- •18. Latin borrowings in the epoch of Renaissance
- •19. French Loan-word
- •20.Scandinavian influence.
- •21) The subject-matter phonetics
- •24) General classification of speech sounds
- •25) Organs of speech.
- •2. The Larynx & the Vocal Folds
- •3. The Articulators
- •26) Classification of English consonants.
- •27 Vopros
- •Intonation
- •39)The Phoneme Theory
- •1. The material aspect
- •2. The abstract aspect
- •3. The functional aspect
- •Trancription / Notation
- •41)The Object of Lexicology.
- •41)The Definition of Linguistics.
- •43)Wordbuilding
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •Conversion
- •Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •44)Affixation
- •54. Archaisms. Neologisms. The classification of words according to time.
- •54.3. Four classification of words in point of time
- •55. Minor types of word formation
- •56. Word-composition. Criteria of composition.
- •56.1. Principles (problems) of composition
- •57. The problem of the Word. The theory of the Word.
- •58. Variants and dialects of the English language.
- •59. Phraseology as a linguistic science.
- •60. The Etymology of the English words. Words of native origin. Borrowings in the English language.
- •61.The subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar.
- •62. The main development stages of English theoretical grammar.
- •63)General characteristics of the structure of modern english.
- •64) Morphemic and Categorical Structure of the Word.
- •65. Grammatical category and its characteristic features. Grammatical Classes of Words
- •67. Notional words and function words in Modern English.
- •68. Different interpretations of the meaning of the English articles. The main functions of the English articles.
- •69. Principal parts of the sentence. Their general characteristics
- •70. The subject. Means of expressing the subject.
- •71. The predicate as the main means of expressing predication. Types of predicates.
- •73. Word-combination (wc) and their basic types.
- •74. Syntax as part of Grammar. Main Units of English syntax.
- •75.Classification of sentences based on their communicative function
- •76.The category of tense in me
- •77.The category of case of English nouns
- •79. The grammatical category of number
- •80. The category of mood
63)General characteristics of the structure of modern english.
Languages may be synthetical and analytical according to their grammatical structure.
In synthetical languages, such as, for instance, Ukrainian, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of inflexions: e.g. долоньруки.
In analytical languages, such as English, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form-words and word order: e.g. the palm of the hand.
Analytical forms are mostly proper to verbs. An analytical verb-form consists of one or more form-words, which have no lexical meaning and only express one or more of the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and one notional word, generally an infinitive or a participle: e.g. He has come. I am reading.
However, the structure of a language is never purely synthetic or purely analytical. Accordingly in the English language there are:
1. Endings (speaks, tables, brother’s, smoked).
2. Inner flexions (man – men, speak – spoke).
3. The synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood: were, be, have, etc.
Owing to the scarcity of synthetic forms the order of words, which is fixed in English, acquires extreme importance: The fisherman caught a fish.
A deviation from the general principle of word order is possible only in special cases.
64) Morphemic and Categorical Structure of the Word.
The definition of the morpheme. The word and the morpheme, their correlation in the level structure of the language. Intermediary phenomena between the word and the morpheme. Traditional classification of morphemes: positional and functional (semantic) criteria. Roots and affixes. Lexical (derivational, word-building) and grammatical (functional, word-changing) affixes. The IC-analysis of the morphemic structure. Grammatical relevance of derivational affixes; lexical (word-building) paradigms. The peculiarities of grammatical suffixes (inflexions) in English. Outer and inner inflexion. The "allo-emic" theory in morphology: morphs, allomorphs and morphemes.Distribu¬tional analysis in morphology; contrastive, non-contrastive, and complementary types of distribution. Distributional classification of morp¬hemes: full and empty (zero morphemes), free and bound, overt and covert, segmental and supra-segmental, additive and replacive, continuous and discon¬tinuous morphemes. The assessment of distributional morpheme types. As shown in the previous unit, the morpheme is the elementary meaningful lingual unit built up from phonemes and used to make words. It has meaning, but its meaning is abstract, significative, not concrete, or nominative, as is that of the word. Morphemes constitute the words; they do not exist outside the words. Studying the morpheme we actually study the word: its inner structure, its functions, and the ways it enters speech.
Grammatical meaning and the means of its expression. Paradigmatic correlation of individual grammatical forms. Grammatical category as a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning. Oppositional analysis of grammatical category. The theory of oppositions. The types of oppositions: binary and supra-binary (ternary, quaternary, etc.) oppositions; privative, gradual, and equipollent oppositions. Oppositions in grammar. Privative bi¬nary opposition as the most important type of categorial opposition in grammar. The strong (marked, positive) and the weak (unmarked, negative) members of the opposition, their formal and functional features. Grammatical category in communicati¬on: contextual oppositional reduction (oppositional substitution). The two types of oppositional reduction: neutralization and transposition. Synthetical and analytical grammatical forms. The types of synthetical grammatical forms: outer inflection, inner inflection, and suppletivity. The principle of identifying an analytical form; grammatical idiomatism of analytical forms. The types of grammatical categories: immanent and reflective categories, closed and transgressive categories, constant feature categories and variable feature categories. Grammatical meanings of notional words are rendered by their grammatical forms. For example, the meaning of the plural in English is regularly rendered by the grammatical suffix –(e)s: cats, books, clashes. Grammatical meanings of individual grammatical forms are established as such in paradigmatic correlations: the plural correlates with the singular (cat – cats), the genitive case of the noun correlates with the common case (cat – cat’s), the definite article determination correlates with the indefinite article determination (a cat – the cat), etc.