Vocabulary Notes:

1. use-by date – термін придатності;

2. expiry date [ık`spaıəri] / [ık`spaı^əri] – дата закінчення терміну дії; дата закінчення (припинення чинності);

3. expiration date [ֽekspə`reı∫^ən] – дата закінчення (терміну дії тощо);

4. illegal [ı`li:g^əl] – незаконний; нелегальний;

5. pass (the date) [pα:s] / [pæs] – минати (про дати).

Task 13. Match items in column A with their synonyms in column B.

A	B
brand	product company;
producer	product name;
product life	manufacturer;
productivity	performance;
product family	product line;
product’s make	shelf life;

Task 14. Practice reading the following words.

to acquire [əkwaıə] / [əkwaıər] across [ə`krOs] / [ə`krO:s] attribute n [`ætrıbju:t] available [ə`veıləbəl] benefit [`benıfıt] to blur [blə:] closely [`kləusli] / [`klousli] commodity [kə`mOdəti] / [kə`mα:dəti] distinction [dı`stıŋk∫ən] to distinguish [dı`stıŋgwı∫] equivalent [ı`kwıvələnt] to experience [ık`spıəriənts] / [ık`spıriənts] to expect [ık`spekt] industrial [ın`dAstriəl] intangible [ın`tænGəbəl] item [`aıtəm]

manner [`mænə] / [`mænər] manufacturing [ֽmænju`fækt∫ərıŋ] material [mə`tıəriəl] merchandise [`mə:t∫əndaız] outlet [`autlet] to perceive [pə`si:v] / [pər`si:v] physical [`fızıkəl] purchase [`pə:t∫əs] range [reınG] raw [rO:] to receive [rı`si:v] to satisfy [`sætısfaı] satisfaction [ֽsætıs`fæk∫ən] single [`sıŋgəl] tangible [`tænGəbəl] unique [ju`ni:k] usage [`ju:sıG] 72% / [`ju:zıG] 28% widely [`waıdli]

Task 15. Read the text.

What is Product?

Product is everything that one receives in an exchange, including all tangible and intangible attributes and expected benefits.

Since the late 16^th century, the word “product” has referred to anything produced. The economic or commercial meaning of product was first used by political economist Adam Smith.

In retailing, products are called merchandise.

In manufacturing, products are purchased as raw materials and sold as finished goods.

Commodities are usually raw materials such as metals and agricultural products, but a commodity can also be anything widely available in the open market.

In marketing, a product is anything that is offered to a market that customers can acquire, use, interact with, experience, or consume, to satisfy a want or need. It is one of the four Ps of the marketing mix.

Early marketing tended to focus on tangible physical goods and these were distinguished from services. More recently, however, the distinction between products and services has blurred, and the concept of the product has been expanded so that in its widest sense it can now be said to cover any tangible or intangible thing that satisfies the consumer. Products that are marketed can include services, people, places, and ideas.

A good is a real, physical, tangible thing that is produced and consumed. On the other hand, a service is an intangible attribute that involves selling help and advice, or delivering goods for customers.

In general usage, product may refer to a single item or unit, a group of equivalent products, a grouping of goods or services, or an industrial classification for the goods or services.

Products can be grouped into two general categories: consumer and industrial. Products purchased to satisfy personal and family needs are consumer products. Those bought for use in firm’s operations or to make other products are industrial products.

A product line is “a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges.”

Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organization or may be common across the business’s industry.

A product is much more than a physical object. A product also involves the price, the brand name, the quality, the satisfaction in use and more. A product is what a buyer or potential buyer perceives it to be.