
- •Isbn 966-629-071-5
- •Contents
- •Business and entrepreneurship
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •A business vs. Business
- •What is Business?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •When pleasure interferes with business, give up business. (from American)
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Verbs frequently used with Business Conduct; do; transact; drum up; build up; establish; launch; set up in; manage; operate; run.
- •Which word?
- •Forms of Business Organization
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •“Mom and pop business” [`mOm ænd pOp `bıznəs] – амер. Дрібне приватне підприємництво; родинний бізнес, приватна крамничка;
- •Colloquial expression [kə`ləukwiəl ık`spre∫ən] – розмовний зворот (вираз);
- •Which word?
- •Which word?
- •Design, invent or engineer?
- •Which word?
- •Creative / artistic / innovative / original / imaginative / ingenious / inventive
- •Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary building intrapreneur
- •Unit 3. Doing business internationally Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Adjective or noun?
- •B) Read aloud the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics.
- •Task 9. Think and answer.
- •Task 10. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 11. Read the text.
- •International Business
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 14. A) Translate the words in column a and their derivatives in columns b and c. Use your dictionary if necessary.
- •Lesson 2
- •Careers in International Business
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Words easily confused
- •Affect / effect [ə`fekt] [ı`fekt]
- •Unit 4. Communication in business Lesson 1
- •Modern Means of Business Communication
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •The Internet
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •How are computer words formed?
- •Lesson 2
- •Cross-cultural Barriers to Business Communication
- •1) Stereotypes
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •2) Time
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •3) Space
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •4) Body language
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •5) Etiquette
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •6) Translation problems
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Words easily confused
- •Module test 1.
- •Variant 1.
- •Variant 2.
- •Variant 3.
- •Econom-
- •Which word?
- •Economics vs. Economy
- •The economy depends about as much on economists as the weather does on weather forecasters.
- •Economics
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •“The economy depends about as much on economists as the weather does on weather forecasters.”
- •“Too many people spend money they haven’t earned, to buy things they don’t want, to impress people they don’t like.” (Will Smith)
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Economic vs. Economical
- •Which word?
- •Economic goods vs. Economy goods
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Increase, growth or rise?
- •Economy
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Trade / business / industry
- •Which word?
- •Supplier or distributor?
- •Task 12. A) Define the meaning of the word “трейдер” in Ukrainian. Let the following headlines from Ukrainian mass media be your clues.
- •What is Trade?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Trade or Commerce?
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Verb or noun?
- •Vocabulary building bimonthly / biweekly biyearly etc.
- •Forms of Trade
- •Vocabulaty Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Trade vs. Trades
- •International Trade
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 4
- •Modern Patterns of International Trade
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Module test 2.
- •Variant 1.
- •Variant 2.
- •Variant 3.
- •Product, market and marketing
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Noun or verb?
- •A service that people can buy, especially a way of investing or saving money
- •Which word?
- •Brand / label / make
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •What is Product?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Product Breadth vs. Product Depth
- •Three Levels of a Product
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Understanding Information on Products
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •-Ability
- •Market-
- •Which word?
- •Marketplace vs. Marketspace
- •Which word?
- •Market niche vs. Niche market
- •Adjectives frequently used with market
- •Narrow / short / thin / heavy / tight / weak / broad / close / distant
- •Which word?
- •Demand or market?
- •Market and Market Relations
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Desire vs. Need / desire vs. Wish / need vs. Urge
- •Which word?
- •Distribution / delivery / dispatch / logistics
- •What is Marketing?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Careers in Marketing
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Торговець, продавець
- •Extended Marketing Mix
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Which word?
- •Customer / client / clientele / consumer / account
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Advertising vs. Advertisement
- •Advertising
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Copyright vs. Copywriter
- •Advertising Today
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 27. Translate into English.
- •Marketing vs. Advertising: What’s the Difference?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Money and banking
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Money vs. Moneys / monies
- •Which word?
- •What is Money?
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary building Describing what happens to currencies
- •Money vs. Currency
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Vocabulary building When a company fails
- •Bank Staff
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •What is a Bank?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Credit vs. Loan
- •Which word?
- •Share vs. Stock
- •Task 10. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 11. Read the text. What is Finance? (Part I)
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Task 13. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •Task 15. Find in the text “What is Finance?” (Part I) (Task 11) the words opposite in meaning to the following:
- •Which word?
- •Income / earnings / revenue
- •What three basic things do companies do when they lack money to cover operating costs?
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Fund vs finance
- •Task 3. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 4. Read the text. What is Finance? (Part II)
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Which word?
- •Task 15. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box.
- •Lesson 3
- •Accounting Connected with the period of twelve months over which a government or a company prepares a full set of financial records, or part of this period
- •Which word?
- •Fiscal vs. Financial
- •Year in Year out
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Fiscal Crises vs. Financial Crises
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Account / bill / invoice / check / tab
- •Accounting Overview
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 18. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box. Translate the passage.
- •Lesson 2
- •Accounting Overview
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 4. Give number of the paragraph(s) in which they discuss …
- •Task 9. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box. Translate the passage.
- •Company. Human resources. Management
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Company vs. Campaign
- •Which word?
- •Corporation vs. Company
- •Talking about Companies
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 17. In the text “Talking about Companies” (Task 12) find the words which can be tranlsted as:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary building Starting a business
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary building Subsidiaries and groups of companies
- •Some of the World’s Oldest Companies
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Organizational Structure
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 4
- •Vocabulary building colleagues and rivals
- •Vocabulary building Staff
- •Human Resources
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Ensure vs. Insure
- •Vocabulary building Employing people
- •Vocabulary building Getting rid of employees
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •-Ability
- •Vocabulary building Words for Bosses
- •Management and Managers
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Lesson 2
- •Levels and Patterns of Management
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Authoritarian / authoritative / autocratic / bossy
- •Leadership Styles
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Eeffective vs. Efficient
- •Module test 6.
- •Variant 1. Task 1. Which word is being transcribed? Give the spelling of the words.
- •Task 4. What term is being defined?
- •An organization that a company forms for its employees to represent them when dealing with the managers;
- •Variant 3. Task 1. Which word is being transcribed? Give the spelling of the words.
- •Task 4. What term is being defined?
- •Afterword:
- •Glossary of terms
- •References:
- •Іт ресурси:
What is Trade?
Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both. Trading is not a new phenomenon – we’ve been doing it for centuries! Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times. It was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other before the invention of the modern day currency.
The trade that occurred among the most primitive humans has evolved considerably over time, and the word “trade” has come to include the complex and varied activity that occurs in the 21st century. However, the basic elements haven’t changed a bit – trade still involves giving one thing in exchange for another.
The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade.
Trade exists for many reasons. Due to specialization and division of labour, most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products. Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different regions’ size allows for the benefits of mass production. As such, trade at market prices between locations benefits both locations. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market.
Trade comprehends every species of exchange or dealing, either in the produce of land, in manufactures, in bills, or in money; but it is chiefly used to denote the barter or purchase and sale of goods, wares, and merchandise, either by wholesale or retail.
Trade is also called commerce. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer. It comprises the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities.
Commerce primarily expresses the fairly abstract notions of buying and selling, whereas trade may refer to the exchange of a specific class of goods (“the sugar trade”, for example), or to a specific act of exchange (as in “a trade on the stock-exchange”).
Vocabulary Notes:
willing [`wılıŋ] – добровільний; охочий; готовий щось зробити;
phenomenon [fə`nOmınən] – явище; рідкісне явище, феномен;
to originate [ə`rıGəneıt] – брати початок, походити, виникати (від чогось – from, in; від когось – from, with);
prehistoric times [ֽpri:hı`stOrık] – доісторичні часи;
facility [fə`sıləti] – здатність; уміння; вправність; можливості, сприятливі умови; умови діяльності;
to barter (for) [`bα:tə] / [`bα:rtər] – міняти, обмінювати (на); торгуватися;
innovation [ֽınəu`veı∫] – винахід; інновація; новація;
currency [`kArənsi] / [`kə:rənsi] – валюта, гроші;
to occur [ə`kə:r] – траплятися; відбуватися; зустрічатися, мати місце;
to evolve [i`vOlv] / [i`vα:lv] – розвивати(ся); еволюціонувати; розгортати(ся);
varied [`veərid] – різний, різноманітний; мінливий, що змінюється;
to negotiate [nı`gəu∫ieıt] – вести переговори; домовлятися; продавати, реалізувати; вести справу;
medium of exchange [`mi:diəm] – засіб обміну; засіб міжнародних розрахунків;
simplify [`sımplıfaı] – спрощувати;
specialization [ֽspe∫əlaı`zeı∫ən] / [ֽspe∫ələ`zeı∫ən] – спеціалізація;
division of labour [dı`vıჳən əv `leıbə] – розподіл праці (спосіб організації праці декількох людей, ґрунтований на диференціації трудових завдань і розподілу їх між людьми, групами людей, регіонами, країнами тощо);
abstract [`æbstrækt] – абстрактний; розм. теоретичний;
advantage [əd`vα:ntıG] / [əd`væntıG] – перевага (над – of, over); вигода, користь;
comparative [kəm`pærətıv] – порівняльний, відносний;
comparative advantage [kəm`pærətıv əd`vα:ntıG] – порівняльна перевага (здатність виробника – країни, регіону, фірми, індивіда і т.д. – виготовляти певне благо з меншими альтернативними затратами, ніж інший виробник);
tradable (= tradeable) [treıdəbəl] – ходовий (про товар); такий, що є предметом обігу; товарний; ринковий; оборотний; обіговий;
to allow for [ə`lau] – враховувати; вводити поправку (на який-небудь ефект);
benefit [`benıfıt] – користь; вигода; прибуток; benefits (pl) – сумарні вигоди; загальний корисний результат; економічний ефект;
location [ləu`keı∫ən] / [lou`keı∫ən] – місцевість; поселення; розміщення; дислокація; місце проживання;
to comprehend [ֽkOmprı`hend] / [ֽkα:mprı`hend] – охоплювати, включати (в себе);
species (of exchange or dealing) [`spi:∫i:z] – вид; різновид; порода;
dealing [di:əlıŋ] – розподіл (чого-небудь серед когось); роздача; торговельні справи; дружні або ділові відносини;
the produce [`prOdju:s] / [`proudu:s] – продукція, вироби, продукт; випуск (продукції), обсяг випуску; результат;
manufacture [ֽmænju`fækt∫ə] / [ֽmænjə`fækt∫ər] – виріб; фабрикат;
bill [bıl] – рахунок; вексель; грошовий документ;
to denote [dı`nəut] – позначати; означати; значити; вказувати на;
ware(s) [weəz] / [weərz] – вироби; товар(и), продукти виробництва;
merchandise [`mə:t∫əndaız] – товари; торгівля;
wholesale [`həulseıəl] – оптова торгівля; оптовий;
retail [`ri:teıəl] – роздрібний продаж; роздрібний; вроздріб;
commerce [`kOmə:s] / [`kα:mərs] – (оптова) торгівля, комерція; комерційна діяльність;
primarily [praı`merəli] – спершу, спочатку, перед усім; головним чином, першочергово;
fairly [`feəli] / [`ferli] – досить, цілком; амер. безумовно, фактично;
entity [`entəti] – суб’єкт; юридична особа; самостійна правова одиниця; особа; підприємство; організація; органзізація-суб’єкт права;
stock-exchange [`stOk ıks`t∫eındჳ] – фондова біржа.
Task 15. a) Fill in the blanks with verb or adjective forms. Use your dictionary if necessary.
VERB |
ADJECTIVE |
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considerable |
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negotiable |
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variable |
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separable |
b) Use the correct verb or adjective forms in the sentences. Change the grammatical form of the words if necessary.
compare
The research aims to _____ and contrast policies in British, American, and Japanese firms.
The two of them are in a _____ financial situation.
considerable
It is a matter of _____ importance to all of us.
He is _____ whether to accept another job offer.
reason
I tried to _____ with her, but without success.
It seems _____ to expect rapid urban growth.
negotiable
The two sides have yet to show their willingness to _____.
Terms and conditions are _____.
to profit
Some of their new electronic products are highly _____.
I think we have reached an agreement which not only _____ management but also labour.
variable
Winds will be _____.
The details may _____, but all of these savings plans have the same basic goal.
to trade
These middlemen are _____ in luxury goods.
A _____ good or service can be sold in another location distant from where it was produced.
separable
They are _____ by thousands of miles.
Character is not _____ from physical form but is governed by it.
Task 16. Match items in column A with their synonyms in column B.
A |
B |
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Task 17. a) The word “ТОРГУВАТИ(ся)” has a range of English equivalents:
b) Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the words in italics.
1. They are still arguing over the details of the contract. 2. The women in the market often bargain away for hours. 3. Shop in small local markets and don’t be afraid to bargain. 4. The government will vigorously pursue individuals who traffic in drugs. 5. The store is open day and night. 6. The shop carries only name brands. 7. The company deals in computer software. 8. Who do you do business with in Manila? 9. Let’s not haggle over (about) a few dollars. 10. Ella showed her the best places to go for a good buy, and taught her how to haggle with used furniture dealers. 11. He denied burglary but admitted handling stolen goods. 12. The company markets a range of clothing, mainly through independent stores. 13. The company developed a plan to merchandise Mexican food products in grocery stores. 14. I don’t think dealers sell these cars at much of a profit. 15. They are middlemen trading in luxury goods. 16. They may refuse to trade, even when offered attractive prices. 17. They had years of experience of trading with the West. 18. He has been trading in antique furniture for 25 years. 19. The two sides have spent most of their time wrangling over procedural [prəu`si:Gərəl] problems. 20. A group of MPs is still wrangling with the government over the timing of elections.
c) Make up your own sentences with the following words and phrases:
1. To deal in; |
2. to trade; |
3. to argue; |
4. to bargain; |
5. to be open. |
Task 18. Translate into English.
1. Торгівля – це добровільний обмін товарів та послуг. 2. Торгівля виникла з початком спілкування в доісторичні часи. 3. Термін “торгівля” включає в себе комплексну та розмаїту діяльність. 4. Базові елементи торгівлі не змінилися з доісторичних часів – це обмін однієї речі на іншу. 5. Початковою формою торгівлі був бартер. 6. Купівля може бути відокремлена від продажу завдяки засобу обміну – грошам. 7. Винахід грошей суттєво спростив торгівлю. 8. Торгівля існує з багатьох причин. 9. Завдяки спеціалізації та розподілу праці більшість людей можуть зосередитися на конкретному аспекті виробництва. 10. Різні регіони мають відносну перевагу у виробництві товарів, які є предметом обігу. 11. Як така, торгівля між різними територіями приносить користь обом територіям. 12. Механізм, який робить можливим торгівлю, називається ринком. 13. Комерція – це підрозділ торгівлі або виробництва, що має справу з обміном товарів та послуг від виробника до кінцевого споживача. 14. Комерція в першу чергу виражає достатньо абстрактні поняття купівлі і продажу. 15. Торгівля зазвичай стосується обміну конкретного класу товарів або конкретного акту обміну.
Task 19. Answer the questions.
What is trade?
Is trading a new phenomenon? Give your reasons.
When did trade originate?
What was the main facility of prehistoric people who bartered goods and services from each other before the invention of the modern day currency?
Have the basic elements of trade changed over time?
What was the original form of trade?
What is barter?
How did invention of money affect trade?
Does trade exist for many reasons? What are they?
What mechanism allows trade?
What does trade comprehend?
What is the difference between trade and commerce?
Task 20. Say what you know about:
The origin of trade.
Peculiarities of trade in the 21st century.
Mediums of exchange and their effect on trade.
Benefits of trade.
The difference between trade and commerce.
Task 21. Comment on the following sayings.
“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbour. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” (Mark Twain)
“Who has a trade may go anywhere.” (Spanish proverb)
“Writing is a difficult trade which must be learned slowly by reading great authors; by trying at the outset to imitate them; by daring then to be original; by destroying one’s first productions.” (Andre Maurois)
“Eat and drink with your friends but do not trade with them.” (Turkish proverb)
“Many have made a trade of delusions and false miracles, deceiving the stupid multitude.” (Leonardo da Vinci)
“A society that will trade a little liberty for a little order will lose both, and deserve neither.” (Thomas Jefferson)