Management and Managers

Persons acting in managerial capacities are easily found as far back as we have historical records. But the term “manager” itself is of rather recent origin. It gained acceptance in the United States in the middle 1800s. In prior centuries historical, political, and religious writings made frequent references to “leaders”, such as kings, generals, shoguns, holy men, and explorers. These writings often highlighted the leadership qualities and actions of important historical figures.

Though management has been present for millennia, its definition is not as easy as one might think. The phrase “management is what managers do” widely occurs, suggesting the difficulty of defining management.

In simple terms management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. English speakers may also use the term “management” or “the management” as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation.

An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in a business; he is responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system.

Management is a necessary component of such activities as con­structing a high-rise building, operating a supermarket, running a parking garage, or, as far as that goes, holding church services or offering health care through a community clinic. Every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness.

Management does not occur only as a purely business phenomenon. We can think of examples of people that we have met who fill the management niche in non-business organizations.

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading / motivating, and controlling. Any managerial system, at all managerial levels, is characterized in terms of these general functions.

• Planning: deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action.

• Organizing / Implementation: making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.

• Staffing: job analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs.

• Leading / Motivating: exhibiting leadership and motivational skills in order to encourage others to play an effective part in achieving plans and ensure willing participation in the organization on the parts of workers.

• Controlling: monitoring, checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.

Vocabulary Notes:

1. managerial capacities [ֽmænə`Gıəriəl kə`pæsətiz] – управлінські функції, повноваження; керівна роль (посада);

2. historical records [hı`stOrık<sup>ə</sup>l `rekO:dz] – архівні записи; дані за минулі роки;

3. rather recent origin [`rα:ðə `ri:s^ənt `OrıGın] – досить-таки нещодавнє походження;

4. to gain acceptance [geın ək`septən^ts] – завоювати (здобути) визнання; отримати прийняте значення (про слово, термін);

5. prior (centuries) [`praıə] / [`praı^ər] – колишні (попередні) (століття);

6. to make (frequent) references [`fri:kwənt `ref^ərən^tsız] – часто згадувати; часто посилатися (на щось); робити часті посилання (на);

7. shogun [`∫əugAn] / [`∫ougAn] – сьогут (титул військових правителів Японії до 1868 р.);

8. holy man [ֽhəuli mæn] – праведник; святий;

9. explorer [ık`splO:rə] / [ık`splO:r^ər] – дослідник (країни, географічного району);

10. to highlight [`haılaıt] – підкреслювати; виділяти; висувати на перший план;

11. leadership quality [`li:də∫ıp `kwOləti] – лідерська якість;

12. historical figure [hı`stOrık<sup>ə</sup>l `fıgə] – історична постать; історична особистість;

13. millennia (pl. from millennium) [mı`leniə] – тисячоліття;

14. to occur [ə`kə:] – траплятися; відбуватися;

15. to suggest [sə`Gest] / [səg`Gest] – передбачати; вселяти; навівати, викликати; підказувати (думку); натякати; наводити на думку; говорити про; означати;

16. in simple terms – простими словами; простою мовою;

17. to accomplish [ə`kAmplı∫] / [ə`kα:mplı∫] – завершувати; виконувати; досягати; доводити до кінця; робити досконалим; вдосконалювати;

18. collective word [kə`lektıv wə:d] – збірне слово; збірний термін;

19. to supervise directly [`su:pəvaız daı<sup>ə</sup>`rektli] – наглядати (здійснювати нагляд; інспектувати; контролювати) безпосередньо;

20. responsible (for) [rı`spOn<sup>t</sup>səb<sup>ə</sup>l] / [rı`spα:n^tsəb^əl] – відповідальний (за);

21. to make decisions [ֽmeık dı`sıჳ^ənz] – приймати рішення;

22. to carry out decisions [`keri aut dı`sıჳ^ənz] – виконувати (здійснювати, реалізовувати) рішення;

23. high-rise building [`haıraız `bıldıŋ] – висотна будівля; багатоповерховий будинок;

24. parking garage [`pα:kıŋ `gærα:ჳ] / [`pα:kıŋ gə`rα:ჳ] – (крита, багатоповерхова) автостоянка; гараж;

25. as far as that goes – якщо вже на те пішло;

26. to hold church services [ֽt∫ə:t∫ `sə:vısız] – проводити богослужіння (церковні служби);

27. to offer health care [`helθ keə] – пропонувати послуги з охорони здоров’я;

28. community clinic [kə`mju:nəti `klınık] – місцева клініка;

29. purely (business phenomenon) [`pjuəli] / [`pjurli] – суто (винятково, цілком, цілковито, повністю) (діловий феномен);

30. to fill (the management niche) – заповнити (управлінську нішу);

31. non-business organization – некомерційна организація (організація, що не ставить основною метою отримання прибутку);

32. in terms of – з точки зору; виходячи з; на основі;

33. implementation [ֽımplımen`teı∫^ən] – здійснення, виконання; імплементація;

34. staffing [`stα:fıŋ] – кадрове забезпечення; комплектація персоналом; підбір і розстановка кадрів (персоналу);

35. job analyzing [ֽGOb `ænəlaızıŋ] – аналіз виробничих операцій шляхом їх розбиття на елементи; аналіз змісту роботи; вивчення особливостей роботи; вивчення трудових операцій; аналіз професійної діяльності;

36. recruitment [rı`kru:tmənt] – набір, вербування, комплектування особовим складом;

37. to encourage [ın`kArıG] – заохочувати, сприяти; підбурювати;

38. to ensure [ın`∫O:] / [ın`∫u^ər] – забезпечувати, гарантувати, (по)ручатися; страхувати;

39. willing participation [`wılıŋ pα:ֽtısı`peı∫^ən] – добровільна участь;

40. feedback [`fi:dbæk] – зворотний зв’язок; відгук; зворотна реакція.

Task 12. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate items.

1. Persons acting in managerial capacities has been present …

1. throughout the history;

2. since the middle of the 19^th century;

3. since the beginning of the millennium;

2. The term “manager” gained acceptance in … in the 19^th century.

1. the European Union;

2. the United Kingdom;

3. the the United States;

3. In prior centuries historical, political, and religious writings made frequent references to … highlighting their leadership qualities and actions.

1. nobility;

2. monarchs;

3. all the above;

4. The definition of management is a(n) … task.

1. unachievable;

2. challenging;

3. easy;

5. The widespread phrase “management is what managers do” suggests the … of defining management.

1. nonsense;

2. hopelessness;

3. difficulty;

6. English speakers use the term … as a collective word describing the managers of an organization.

1. “management”;

2. “leadership”;

3. “chiefs”;

7. An individual manager is a person who is responsible for … decisions within the system.

1. making;

2. carrying out;

3. all the above;

8. Management is a necessary component of …

1. profit-seeking activities;

2. a variety of activities;

3. non-profit activities;

9. Every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to … its effectiveness.

1. stabilize;

2. minimize;

3. maximize;

10. Management operates through various functions, often classified as …

1. product, price, placement, and promotion;

2. planning, organizing, leading, and controlling;

3. asssets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenues, and expenditures;

Task 13. “Odd man out.” In each line cross out a word (word combination) that in its meaning differs from the others. Explain your choice.

1. manager – prior centuries – leader;

2. recruitment – staffing – participation;

3. leader – collective word – management;

4. generating plans – organizing – carrying out of plans;

5. historical figures – leadership qualities – management niche.

Task 14. In the text “Management amd Managers” (Task 11) find paronymous nouns.

1. to act;	4. to define;	7. to decide;	10. to organize;
2. to refer;	5. to recruit;	8. to modify;	11. to originate;
3. to write;	6. to accept;	9. to explore;	12. to implement.

Task 15. In the text “Management amd Managers” (Task 11) find the words and word combinations similar in meaning.

1. to control;	5. allusion; mention;
2. in charge of;	6. to reach; to realize;
3. to emphasize;	7. approval; aprobation;
4. former; previous;	8. role; functions; position; office.

Task 16. In the text “Management amd Managers” (Task 11) find two English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word combinations.

• історичні документи;

• траплятися, мати місце;

• керування (чимось / кимось);

• управлінські функції (обов’язки);

• реалізація, виконання, здійснення.

Task 17. a) Use the stems below for word-formation.

out	feed		back	non
-rise		-business	super
through	light		high	market

b) Find the derived words in the text “Management amd Managers” (Task 11).

Task 18. a) Translate the following phrases paying attention to the use of the preposition in.

1. in simple terms;

2. in prior centuries;

3. in the United States;

4. to happen in the future;

5. to act in managerial capacities;

6. to supervise people in a business;

7. in order to maximize effectiveness;

8. to gain acceptance in the middle 1800s;

9. willing participation in the organization;

10. characterized in terms of the general functions;

11. management niche in non-business organizations;

b) Use the prepositions in the box to fill in the blanks in the phrases below.

at	out	on × 2	for × 3
to	of × 2	within	through × 2

2. … a system;

3. carrying … decisions;

4. to be based … feedback;

5. … all managerial levels;

6. to be present … millennia;

7. to operate … various functions;

8. to think … examples … people;

9. to make references … “leaders”;

10. responsible … making decisions;

11. participation … the parts of workers;

12. hiring individuals … appropriate jobs;

13. to offer health care … a community clinic.

Task 19. Define the functions of non-finite forms of the verb (Participle / Gerund) in the following phrases.

1. such activities as con­structing a high-rise building, operating a supermarket, running a parking garage, holding church services or offering health care;

2. English speakers use the term as a collective word describing the managers of he is responsible for making and carrying out decisions;

3. Management functions are: planning, organizing, leading / motivating, and controlling;

4. planning is deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating plans for action;

5. this phrase widely occurs, suggesting the difficulty of defining management;

6. staffing includes job analyzing, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs;

7. to ensure willing participation in the organization on the parts of workers;

8. leading or motivating is exhibiting leadership and motivational skills;

9. controlling is monitoring, checking progress against plans;

10. religious writings made frequent references to “leaders”;

11. organizing is making optimum use of the resources;

12. to enable the successful carrying out of plans;

13. to play an effective part in achieving plans;

14. persons acting in managerial capacities;

15. the act of getting people together;

Task 20. Make the difference between the following terms.