Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:

1. Heineken [`haınıkən] (Heineken International) – a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2007, Heineken owns over 119 breweries in more than 65 countries and employs approximately 54,004 people.

2. to retain – зберігати; утримувати; підтримувати;

3. running – робочий стан; ведення (справи тощо);

4. not-quite – майже; не повністю; не цілком;

5. Benedictine monk [ֽbenı`dıktın mAŋk] – чернець-бенедиктинець;

6. recipe [`resəpi] – рецепт.

7. Aberdeen Harbour [ֽæbə`di:n `hα:bə], the principal harbour in northern Scotland, has been in operation since 1136. It hasn’t always been so successful, though – with a gravel bar at its entrance, it actually deterred trade in the region for years. Major renovations have taken place since 1773, though, and today it continues to help trade thrive instead of hindering it (which, you know, is the whole point of a harbour).

Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:

1. gravel bar [`græv^əl bα:] – нанос (намул) гравію;

2. to deter [dı`tə:] – зупиняти; стримувати, утримувати;

3. renovation [ֽrenəu`veı∫^ən] – відбудова; ремонт; поновлення;

4. to thrive [θraıv] – процвітати; мати успіх; буйно розростатися;

5. hindering [`hındərıŋ] – перешкоджання; чинення перепон.

8. Michael Scott would be delighted to know that a paper company has been in business since 1288, although it’s not Dunder Mifflin. It’s called Stora Enso and the company actually started out mining copper, not pressing paper from pulp. In fact, it didn’t end up diversifying into paper until the end of the 19th century. Stora finally ceased the copper mining business in 1992 and merged with Enso in 1998 to become the world’s second-largest pulp and paper manufacturer (in terms of production, anyway – in terms of revenue it’s only fifth).

Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:

1. Michael Scott (Michael Gary Scott) – a fictional character on NBC’s The Office, portrayed by Steve Carell. Michael, the central character of the series, is currently the co-manager of the Scranton branch of paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin. In the fifth season, Michael Scott briefly left his position to start his own company, The Michael Scott Paper Company.

2. Dunder Mifflin (Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc.) – a fictional paper sales company featured in the United States television series The Office. It supposedly trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol DMI.

3. to start out – амер. починати; розпочинати професійну діяльність;

4. to mine copper [ֽmaın `kOpə] – видобувати мідь;

5. pulp [pAlp] – целюлоза; деревна маса;

6. to cease [si:s] business – припиняти бізнес;

7. to merge (with) [mə:G] – зливатися; об’єднуватися;

8. pulp and paper – целюлозно-паперовий;

9. revenue [`revənju:] – річний дохід (особл. державний).

9. Another brewery. Augustiner Brewery of Munich [O:`gAstınə `bru:əri əv `mju:nık], Germany, dates all the way back to 1328. It was probably earlier, but as with the Weihenstephan Brewery, we only have proof dating from 1328. Also like Weihenstephan, the monastery-operated brewery fell under Napoleon’s reforms during 1803 and was only allowed to be sold within the monastery walls. When the state took it over, the monks protested by walking out. In 1829, the brewery was bought by a private owner and remained more or less unchanged until World War II, when it suffered a lot of damage during the war. But not even heavy artillery can keep a good brewery down, and today it’s still brewing brands which some people would drink just for the name – Augustiner Helles, Edelstoff, Oktoberfestbier and Augustiner Dunkles.