Vocabulary Notes:

1. precise definition [pri`saıs ֽdefə`nı∫^ən] – точне визначення;

2. to vary [`veəri] / [`veri] – різнитися, відрізнятися; розходитися; міняти(ся); змінювати(ся);

3. to trace (from) [treıs] – простежувати(ся); брати початок;

4. partnership [`pα:tnə∫ıp] – товариство, компанія; партнерство;

5. joint-stock company – акціонерна компанія; акціонерне товариство;

6. trust [trAst] – трест, концерн;

7. to emphasize [`em^pfəsaız] – робити наголос, підкреслювати; надавати особливого значення;

8. risk-taking nature [`neıt∫ə] – ризикована натура; ризикована природа;

9. business empire [`bıznəs `empaıə] – бізнес-імперія;

10. jurisdictions [ֽGuərıs`dık∫^ənz] – юрисдикція; влада; повноваження; сфера повноважень;

11. debt [det] – борг; заборгованість; боргове зобов’язання; борговий інструмент; зобов’язання;

12. registered company [`reGıstəd `kAmpəni] – зареєстрована компанія;

13. public limited company [`pAblık `lımıtıd `kAmpəni] – відкрите акціонерне товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю; акціонерна компанія відкритого типу з обмеженою відповідальністю; товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю (АТОВ); публічна компанія з обмеженою відповідальністю;

14. stock exchange [ֽstOk ıks`t∫eınG] – фондова біржа; біржа цінних паперів;

15. restriction [ri`strık∫^ən] – обмеження; перешкода;

16. transfers of shares [`træn<sup>t</sup>sfə:z əv `∫eəz] – передача акцій (передача прав власності на акції іншому власнику);

17. shareholder [`∫eəֽhəuldə] – акціонер (акціонерного товариства); пайовик; учасник (товариства з обмеженою відповідальністю);

18. payroll [`peırəul] – фонд заробітної плати; платіжна відомість.

Task 13. Tick the correct sentence.

The word company is traced from 1150 A.D. The word company is traced from 1150 B.C.	____ ____
The abbreviation co. dates from 1769. The abbreviation co. dates from 1679.	____ ____
The terms “company” and “enterprise” cannot be used interchangeably. A company may be called an enterprise, especially to emphasize its risk-taking nature.	____ ____
A large company mainly owned by one person or family is a business monarchy. A large company mainly owned by one person or family is a business empire.	____ ____
A registered company is the most common type of company. A registered company is the least common type of company.	____ ____
A company may be registered either as a public limited company or a state-owned company. A company may be registered either as a public limited company or a private company.	____ ____
Public companies are large British companies whose shares can be publicly traded. Public companies are large American companies whose shares can be publicly traded.	____ ____
A public limited company must have a name ending with the initials “Plc”. A private company must have a name ending with the initials “Plc”.	____ ____
Private companies sell their shares to the general public, and have few restrictions on transfers of shares. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.	____ ____
In legal terms, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the “members.” In legal terms, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the “masters.”	____ ____

Task 14. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B.

A	B
to emphasise to form amount precise to vary sense	sum; exact; to differ; to stress; to create; meaning;

Task 15. In the text “Talking about Companies” (Task) find antonyms of the following words.

1. credit;	4. unregulated;	7. unadventurous; risk-free;
2. unlimited;	5. privately; in private;	8. to conform; to standardize;
3. inaccurate;	6. special; rare; unusual;	9. unlisted; undocumented; unregistered.

Task 16. a) Fill in the blanks with noun or verb forms. Use your dictionary if necessary.

NOUN	VERB
-----------	to define;
association	-----------
-----------	to abbreviate
corporation	-----------
-----------	to regulate
restriction	-----------
-----------	to organize
position	-----------

b) Use the correct noun or verb forms in the sentences. Change the grammatical form of the words if necessary.

1. define

1. There is no general agreement on a standard _____ of management.

2. In the contract agreed between the union and the employers, overtime is _____ as work after 6 p.m. on weekdays, and anytime on Saturdays, Sundays, and public holidays.

2. association

1. The _____ between the two companies stretches back thirty years.

2. I _____ wealth with freedom.

3. abbreviate

1. The business of artists and repertory, commonly _____ to A&R.

2. The postal _____ for Kansas is KS.

4. incorporate

1. We shall try to _____ some of your ideas into our future plans.

2. BBC is a public _____ for radio and television broadcasting in Britain.

5. regulate

   1. The European Community has proposed new _____ to control the hours worked by its employees.

   2. The Code _____ the takeovers of all public companies.

6. restriction

   1. The _____ of press freedom is seen as an abuse of human rights.

   2. The French, I believe, _____ Japanese imports to a maximum of 3 per cent of their market.

7. organize

   1. Several projects have been delayed by poor _____.

   2. The workers have the right to _____ themselves into unions.

8. posit

   1. He was offered a managerial _____.

   2. He _____ that the world economy is a system with its own particular equilibrium.