- •Isbn 966-629-071-5
- •Contents
- •Business and entrepreneurship
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •A business vs. Business
- •What is Business?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •When pleasure interferes with business, give up business. (from American)
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Verbs frequently used with Business Conduct; do; transact; drum up; build up; establish; launch; set up in; manage; operate; run.
- •Which word?
- •Forms of Business Organization
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •“Mom and pop business” [`mOm ænd pOp `bıznəs] – амер. Дрібне приватне підприємництво; родинний бізнес, приватна крамничка;
- •Colloquial expression [kə`ləukwiəl ık`spre∫ən] – розмовний зворот (вираз);
- •Which word?
- •Which word?
- •Design, invent or engineer?
- •Which word?
- •Creative / artistic / innovative / original / imaginative / ingenious / inventive
- •Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary building intrapreneur
- •Unit 3. Doing business internationally Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Adjective or noun?
- •B) Read aloud the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics.
- •Task 9. Think and answer.
- •Task 10. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 11. Read the text.
- •International Business
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 14. A) Translate the words in column a and their derivatives in columns b and c. Use your dictionary if necessary.
- •Lesson 2
- •Careers in International Business
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Words easily confused
- •Affect / effect [ə`fekt] [ı`fekt]
- •Unit 4. Communication in business Lesson 1
- •Modern Means of Business Communication
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •The Internet
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •How are computer words formed?
- •Lesson 2
- •Cross-cultural Barriers to Business Communication
- •1) Stereotypes
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •2) Time
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •3) Space
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •4) Body language
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •5) Etiquette
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •6) Translation problems
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Words easily confused
- •Module test 1.
- •Variant 1.
- •Variant 2.
- •Variant 3.
- •Econom-
- •Which word?
- •Economics vs. Economy
- •The economy depends about as much on economists as the weather does on weather forecasters.
- •Economics
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •“The economy depends about as much on economists as the weather does on weather forecasters.”
- •“Too many people spend money they haven’t earned, to buy things they don’t want, to impress people they don’t like.” (Will Smith)
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Economic vs. Economical
- •Which word?
- •Economic goods vs. Economy goods
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Increase, growth or rise?
- •Economy
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Trade / business / industry
- •Which word?
- •Supplier or distributor?
- •Task 12. A) Define the meaning of the word “трейдер” in Ukrainian. Let the following headlines from Ukrainian mass media be your clues.
- •What is Trade?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Trade or Commerce?
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Verb or noun?
- •Vocabulary building bimonthly / biweekly biyearly etc.
- •Forms of Trade
- •Vocabulaty Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Trade vs. Trades
- •International Trade
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 4
- •Modern Patterns of International Trade
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Module test 2.
- •Variant 1.
- •Variant 2.
- •Variant 3.
- •Product, market and marketing
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Noun or verb?
- •A service that people can buy, especially a way of investing or saving money
- •Which word?
- •Brand / label / make
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •What is Product?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Product Breadth vs. Product Depth
- •Three Levels of a Product
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Understanding Information on Products
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •-Ability
- •Market-
- •Which word?
- •Marketplace vs. Marketspace
- •Which word?
- •Market niche vs. Niche market
- •Adjectives frequently used with market
- •Narrow / short / thin / heavy / tight / weak / broad / close / distant
- •Which word?
- •Demand or market?
- •Market and Market Relations
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Desire vs. Need / desire vs. Wish / need vs. Urge
- •Which word?
- •Distribution / delivery / dispatch / logistics
- •What is Marketing?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Careers in Marketing
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Торговець, продавець
- •Extended Marketing Mix
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Which word?
- •Customer / client / clientele / consumer / account
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Advertising vs. Advertisement
- •Advertising
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Copyright vs. Copywriter
- •Advertising Today
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 27. Translate into English.
- •Marketing vs. Advertising: What’s the Difference?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Money and banking
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Money vs. Moneys / monies
- •Which word?
- •What is Money?
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary building Describing what happens to currencies
- •Money vs. Currency
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Vocabulary building When a company fails
- •Bank Staff
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •What is a Bank?
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Credit vs. Loan
- •Which word?
- •Share vs. Stock
- •Task 10. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 11. Read the text. What is Finance? (Part I)
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Task 13. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •Task 15. Find in the text “What is Finance?” (Part I) (Task 11) the words opposite in meaning to the following:
- •Which word?
- •Income / earnings / revenue
- •What three basic things do companies do when they lack money to cover operating costs?
- •Lesson 2
- •Which word?
- •Fund vs finance
- •Task 3. Practice reading the following words.
- •Task 4. Read the text. What is Finance? (Part II)
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Which word?
- •Task 15. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box.
- •Lesson 3
- •Accounting Connected with the period of twelve months over which a government or a company prepares a full set of financial records, or part of this period
- •Which word?
- •Fiscal vs. Financial
- •Year in Year out
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Fiscal Crises vs. Financial Crises
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Account / bill / invoice / check / tab
- •Accounting Overview
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 18. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box. Translate the passage.
- •Lesson 2
- •Accounting Overview
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 4. Give number of the paragraph(s) in which they discuss …
- •Task 9. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate terms from the box. Translate the passage.
- •Company. Human resources. Management
- •Lesson 1
- •Which word?
- •Company vs. Campaign
- •Which word?
- •Corporation vs. Company
- •Talking about Companies
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Task 17. In the text “Talking about Companies” (Task 12) find the words which can be tranlsted as:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary building Starting a business
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary building Subsidiaries and groups of companies
- •Some of the World’s Oldest Companies
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Organizational Structure
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 4
- •Vocabulary building colleagues and rivals
- •Vocabulary building Staff
- •Human Resources
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Ensure vs. Insure
- •Vocabulary building Employing people
- •Vocabulary building Getting rid of employees
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 1
- •-Ability
- •Vocabulary building Words for Bosses
- •Management and Managers
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Lesson 2
- •Levels and Patterns of Management
- •Vocabulary Notes:
- •Lesson 3
- •Which word?
- •Authoritarian / authoritative / autocratic / bossy
- •Leadership Styles
- •Vocabulary and Cultural Notes:
- •Which word?
- •Eeffective vs. Efficient
- •Module test 6.
- •Variant 1. Task 1. Which word is being transcribed? Give the spelling of the words.
- •Task 4. What term is being defined?
- •An organization that a company forms for its employees to represent them when dealing with the managers;
- •Variant 3. Task 1. Which word is being transcribed? Give the spelling of the words.
- •Task 4. What term is being defined?
- •Afterword:
- •Glossary of terms
- •References:
- •Іт ресурси:
Fiscal Crises vs. Financial Crises
Many people confuse the words fiscal and financial. Let’s consider these concepts in the context of frequently repeated economic crises.
Fiscal refers to the public treasury or revenues: e.g. fiscal policies.
Financial refers to those commonly engaged in dealing with money and credit.
Fiscal crises pertain to a problem in budgeting, usually that income isn’t meeting expenditures; it’s a specific way of explaining individual crises amongst individual companies. A number of companies, or governments, experiencing decreasing revenues and increasing expenditures are experiencing individual fiscal crises leading to one big financial crisis.
The two things do reverberate with each other though, and create repetitive feedback loops as far as the economy goes. A financial crisis in the private sector creates decreasing incomes, which means decreasing tax revenues for the public sector, and fewer governmental services. The decrease in services makes things even harder on individuals and families, then increasing the financial crisis as free spending cash is whittled down.
Which is why, contrary to logic at face value, government should increase its debt to the extent that it can in order to continue providing regular services.
Vocabulary Notes:
public treasury – державна скарбниця, міністерство фінансів; казна;
revenue [`revənju:] – дохід; надходження; державні доходи; річний дохід (державний); (pl) дохідні статті;
to pertain [pə`teın] – бути властивим (притаманним), підходити; належати, стосуватися (to), мати стосунок; личити;
income [`ınkAm] – прибуток; дохід; надходження; заробіток;
to meet expenditures [ık`spendıt∫əz] – оплачувати витрати;
to reverberate [rı`və:bəreıt] – багатократно повторюватися; відбивати(ся) (про звук, тепло, світло);
repetitive – повторюваний; такий, що періодично повторюється;
feedback loop [`fi:dbæk `lu:p] – петля зворотного зв’язку; контур зворотного зв’язку; ланцюг зворотного зв’язку;
tax revenues – доходи від податків; податкові надходження; державні доходи від збору податків;
public sector – державний сектор економіки; бюджетна сфера;
governmental service – державна, урядова служба;
free spending cash – вільна розрахункова готівка;
to whittle down [`wıtəl] / [`hwıtəl] – поступово зменшувати; знищувати;
contrary to logic [kən`treəri tə `lOGık] – всупереч логіці;
face value – номінальна вартість; номінал;
Task 17. “Odd man out.” In each line cross out a word (word combination) that in its meaning differs from the others. Explain your choice.
financial – public treasury – fiscal;
decreasing revenues – fiscal crises – decreasing expenditures;
51 weeks – fiscal year – 52 weeks;
school year – BT Group – universities;
universities of the northern hemisphere – June / July – January to December;
a single calendar year – universities of the southern hemisphere – June / July;
school year – media based organizations – Broadcast calendar;
Canada – April 1 to March 31 – Australian government’s financial;
Japan – India – 2010-nendo;
the UK – “transitional quarter” – the USA;
October 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010 – 1st Quarter – January 1, 2011 to March 31, 2011;
Task 18. Answer the questions.
The words “fiscal” and “financial” are frequently confused, aren’t they?
Does the word “fiscal” refer to the public treasury or revenues?
“Fiscal” refers to those commonly engaged in dealing with money and credit, doesn’t it?
What problem do fiscal crises pertain to?
What is one specific way of explaining individual crises amongst individual companies?
Can individual fiscal crises lead to one big financial crisis?
Does a financial crisis in the private sector create decreasing incomes?
Do decreasing incomes mean decreasing tax revenues for the public sector, and fewer governmental services?
The decrease in services makes things even harder on individuals and families, doesn’t it?
What should government do in order to continue providing regular services?
How are fiscal and financial crises interelated? How is this phenomenon explained in the above passage?
Task 19. Translate into English.
1. Фіскальний рік – це період, який використовують для розрахунків щорічних фінансових звітів в організаціях різних типів. 2. У багатьох країнах регулятивне законодавство щодо бухгалтерського обліку та оподаткування вимагає, аби фінансова звітність готувалася раз у дванадцять місяців. 3. Чинне законодавство не завжди вимагає, щоб період бухгалтерської та податкової звітності обов’язково співпадав із календарним роком. 4. Фіскальні роки варіюються між підприємствами та країнами. 5. Багато компаній вважають для себе зручним закінчувати фіскальний рік в один і той самий день тижня. 6. У фіскальному році може бути 52 або 53 тижні. 7. В Об’єднаному Королівстві низка великих корпорацій продовжує користуватися державним фінансовим роком, який закінчується в останній день березня. 8. Фінансовий рік є ідентичним календарному року для майже 65% акціонерних компаній відкритого типу в Об’єднаному Королівстві. 9. У багатьох університетах фіскальний рік закінчується влітку, що дозволяє поєднати фіскальний рік із роком навчальним. 10. В університетах північної півкулі фіскальний рік часто закінчується в червні-липні, а в університетах південної півкулі – у грудні-січні. 11. Окремі медіа організації використовують календар мовлення як базис для свого фіскального року. 12. Фінансовий рік уряду Австралії розпочинається 1 липня, а закінчується 30 червня наступного року. 13. В Канаді, Гон Конгу та Індії фінансовий рік триває з 1 квітня по 31 березня. 14. У Китаї фіскальний рік для всіх установ відповідає календарному року, щоб співпадав податковий рік, статутний рік та рік планування. 15. В Японії фіскальний рік репрезентується календарним роком, після відповідної цифри якого вживається слово nendo. 16. Корпоративний податок стягується в Японії згідно власного однорічного періоду корпорацій. 17. В Об’єднаному Королівстві фіскальний рік для цілей оподаткування фізичних осіб та виплат державної допомоги триває з 6 квітня поточного року по 5 квітня наступного року. 18. З метою стягнення податку з корпорацій та підготовки державних фінансових звітів фіскальний рік в Об’єднаному Королівстві рахується з 1 квітня поточного року по 31 березня наступного року. 19. Хоча у Великій Британії корпоративний податок стягується співвідносно з фінансовим роком уряду, компанії мають право запроваджувати будь-який рік як рік звітний. 20. Фіскальний рік уряду США розпочинається 1 жовтня попереднього календарного року, а завершується 30 вересня наступного року. 21. До 1976 року фіскальний рік у США розпочинався 1 липня поточного року, а завершувався 30 червня наступного року.
Task 20. Say what you know about:
Fiscal year as the way of time keeping for the purposes of financial reporting.
Differences in calendars between countries and businesses.
Alternatives to the government’s financial year used by businesses.
Differences in meaning and similiarities in usage of the words “fiscal” and “financial”.
Typical causes of fiscal crises.
Task 21. Translate into Ukrainian. What do the following sayings have in common? Do you think “fiscal” is a catchword for politicians?
“As a fiscal conservative, I believe one of the most important roles the federal government can play in assuring that our economy remains strong is to keep our fiscal house in order.” (Allen Boyd)
“As a fiscal conservative, I think that our government should pay for itself.” (Daniel Keys Moran)
“But if they want to really think about the fiscal future of this country, then think about how we have moved from hundreds of billions of surpluses to hundreds of billions of deficits.” (Chaka Fattah)
“Caution, not exuberance, should be our fiscal motto.” (John Chafee)
“I am a Republican. I’m loyal to the party of Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt. And I believe that my party, in some ways, has strayed from those principles, particularly on the issue of fiscal discipline.” (John McCain)
“Restoring responsibility and accountability is essential to the economic and fiscal health of our nation.” (Carl Levin)
“Spending and tax cut decisions must be both fiscally responsible and fair to our working families. I believe that fiscal responsibility is the way to create prosperity for America and secure the retirement of America’s seniors.” (Blanche Lincoln)
“The American people expect more from Congress. They expect fiscal responsibility and common sense. They expect us to return to the pay-as-you-go budget rules that we had enacted in the past that helped us establish a surplus, however briefly.” (Melissa Bean)
“The American people know what’s necessary to get this economy moving again. It’s fiscal discipline in Washington, D.C. and across-the-board tax relief for working families, small businesses and family farms.” (Mike Pence)
“We are at crisis point. I think anybody that sees this nation as being on stable economic or fiscal ground is fooling themselves.” (Joe Miller)
UNIT 2. ACCOUNTING & ACCOUNTANTS
