1. Loss of plosion. Nasal plosion. Lateral plosion.

Loss of plosion

When two plosive consonants having the same place of articulation, are in contact within a word or at a word junction, there is a complete loss of plosion of the first consonant, i.e. the obstruction is removed and a plosion is heard only after the second consonant.

e. g.: football, collect [kә’lekt], big girl, good time.

Nasal plosion

At the junction of the plosive consonants [t, d, p, b, k, g] with the nasal sonorants [m, n] the articulation of the sonorant starts when the articulation of the plosive consonant is not yet finished. As a result, instead of removing the obstruction in the mouth cavity [‘kævәti], the air stream passes [‘pa:siz] through the nasal cavity producing the effect of a nasal plosion.

e. g.: couldn’t, help me, department, a good memory, modern.

Lateral [‘lætәrәl] plosion

At the junction of a plosive consonant with the lateral sonorant [L] the plosion is heard [hᴈ:d] during the pronunciation of the sonorant as the air stream passes along the sides of the tongue [tᴧη], lowered for the articulation of [L]. This phenomenon [fә’nᴅminәn] is known as lateral plosion.

e. g.: plan, simple, table, good luck, blue.

2. One-Stress Rhythm [‘riδәm].

One-stress rhythm is found in utterances with only one prominent (выделенный) syllable. One-stress rhythmic structures of the minimal size are found in utterances consisting of one monosyllabic word.

Expanded variants of one-stress rhythmic structures are those in which there are unstressed syllables either enclitics or proclitics, or both.

e. g.: `When? `Look! ˊNext. ˇBye. ˇHi.

`Certainly. `Wonderful.

I `see. She’s a`way.

3. The intonation of non-final parts of utterances.

An utterance—the minimal independent unit of communication—is realized in oral speech either as one intonation-group, or as a combination of intonation-groups. In the first case the utterance has a simple tune, while in the second it has a combined tune. According to their position in a combined tune intonation-groups are divided into final and non-final.

Non-final intonation-groups can be pronounced with various nuclear tones.

When a Low Rise is used it indicates for the hearer that the utterance is not finished and there is a continuation without which the information is incomplete.

This pattern is typically pronounced in grammatically incomplete parts of utterances, such as:

1. Adverbial phrases: Every Friday ˎmorning ⧘ Mrs. Bell goes to the `supermarket.

2. Enumeration: There is a ˎcat, ⧘ a ˎdog, ⧘ a ˎparrot ⧘ and a `monkey.

3. Initial subordinate clauses: When he was ˎyoung, ⧘ he can’t `swim.

4. Principal clauses formed by the author's words in reported speech: My mother ˎsays ⧘ that she likes `dogs.

A Falling nuclear tone, due to its categoric and definite character, adds greater semantic weight to a non-final group in comparison with the Low Rising-pattern.

The kitchen is `small ⧘ and it’s `inconvenient.

This variant of a Fall lacks the effect of semantic completeness and is therefore most typical of semantically important but incomplete parts of sentence.

A Falling-Rising nuclear tone is perhaps the most widely used pattern of non-final groups in English. It has a complex semantic effect, since it conveys two kinds of meaning:

1) Special semantic importance or emphasis — due to the falling component of the tone,

2) Semantic incompleteness and close links with the continuation — due to the rising component of the tone.

My ˇyounger sister ⧘ is still a `schoolgirl