14. Do Confucianism and Islam constitute viable alternatives to western liberalism as a basis for a modern regime?

An effort

has been made to compare these 2 great civilizations

in order to find out four relations which between

human being and nature; human being and

humanized nature (society); human being and other

human; human being and himself in order to boost

sustainable development which constitutes an

important aspect of the great commonness which they

are sharing. The study undertaken here comparison

between Confucianism and Islamic ideas under the

concept of man—will deal with some basic doctrines

in Confucianism and Islam such as the sayings of the

Analects, the Quran and the Hadith. The attempt is

made to see what kind of ideas of the concept of man

in these 2 civilizations is eager to build a great moral

character from inside out of human. Also it shows us

how these ideas helped two civilizations leading their

society to the prosperity in the ancient time and

today. Human being’s power could have good effect

to lead the society into a sustainable development;

also it could have dangerous effect which we can find

out from the present reality.

15. Why has the concept of ideology so often carried negative associations?

An ideology is a set of conscious and unconscious ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology is a comprehensive vision, a way of looking at things (compare worldview) as in several philosophical tendencies (see political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (a "received consciousness" or product of socialization).

Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.

Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (the first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. (Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror.)

16. Is it any longer possible to distinguish between liberalism and socialism?

The terms ‘socialism’ and liberalism’ are used a lot nowadays, and many people often mistake one for the other. In order to differentiate between these two terms, one must keep in mind the clear-cut differences by defining the prevailing ideology of each term. The tenets of socialism assert that the state should wield total economic power by manipulating prices of goods and wages of workers.

Furthermore, socialism requires people to submit to the rule of law. In return for their compliance, citizens are provided with resources rationed by the government. On the other hand, liberalism is more challenging to define since it is further divided into classical and modern liberalism. Classical liberalism states that the government should take control of an institution in order to ensure that it continues to be of service to the people, free of charge. Classical liberalism does not see any need for the government to enforce law and order and subjugate its citizens under the iron rule of law and order. However, modern liberalism veers away from this ideology by adding a new twist.

Modern liberalism says that the state should interfere not only in economic or political affairs, but also in social affairs, such as day-to-day activities of its citizens. In effect, modern liberalism ceases to be associated with classical liberalism, and instead becomes similar to socialism.