Вариант 31

3. Rewrite the 1^st, the 3^d and the 4^th paragraphs and translate them into the written form:

What is economics?

1) One of the things that people discover every day is that you can't have everything. You are reminded of it every time you shop. Although you may see twenty or thirty items that you would really like to buy, you know that you will have to limit your selection to one or two. Everyone goes through life having to make choices.

2) Every business, even sports teams, must choose from among the things they would like to have because they cannot have everything. Governments, too, cannot have everything. Every year the most important political debates concern questions about spending taxpayers' money.

3) Neither individuals nor societies can have all the things they would like to have. There simply is not enough of everything. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want. There is, however, a limit to the resources, things used to produce goods and services, available to satis­fy those wants. Once that limit is reached, nothing else can be produced. In other words, when nation's resources (all its workers, factories, farms, etc.) are I fully employed, the only way it will be able to increase the production of one thing will be by reducing the production of something else.

4) To summarize: human wants are unlimited, but the resources necessary to satisfy those wants are limited. Thus, every society is faced with the identical problem, the problem of scarcity.

Since there is not enough of everything, everyone individuals, business firms, and government needs make choices from among the things they want, the process they will try to economize, to get most from what they have. With this in mind, we can define economics as the social science that describes and analyzes how society chooses from among scarce resources to satisfy its wants.

5) The need to choose is imposed on us all by our income, wealth and ability to borrow. Individuals families are limited by the size of their personal income, savings and ability to borrow. Similarly, business firms are limited by their profits, savings and borrowing power, and governments by their ability to tax and borrow.

6) Income, savings, profits and taxes enable people, institutions and government to purchase goods, products you can see or touch, and services, work performed for pay that benefits others. The problem each must face, however, is that once the decision has been made to choose one set of alternatives, one loses the opportunity to choose the other. Economists describe these kinds of trade-offs as opportunity costs. The opportunity cost of something is its cost measured in terms of what you have to give up to get it.

7) Business is also faced with the problem of choices and opportunity costs.

Economics deals with the problems of scarcity and choice that have faced societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern econom­ics began in the 17th century. Since that time econo­mists have developed methods for studying and ex­plaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they do business and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories, and other re­sources.

2. Use the required future or present tense instead of the infinitives in brackets where necessary:

9. I hope you (not to forget) all this by tomorrow!

10. By next Sunday you (to stay) with us for five weeks.

11. Nobody knows when it all (to be settled).

12. I’m not sure if he (to be) glad to see me.

3. Use the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in brackets. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions:

1. She told me how (make) clothes (last) longer.

2. Mother says she often has occasion (complain) … (he, come) late.

3. You must encourage him (start) (take) more exercise.

4. Complete the sentences with the modal verbs can, could, will, would, may, and might expressing request:

1) … I ask who is calling?

2) I didn’t catch that. … you repeat what you said?

3) Thanks. I’ll leave it to you then. … you mind giving me a ring later on to confirm everything?

4) The number’s engaged … you hold on?

5. Supply the Subjunctive Mood of the verbs in brackets:

7. When she opened the door the stranger made a quick movement forward, almost as if he (to be) going to stick his foot hurriedly to the opening.

8. I wish I (can) play tennis as well as you do.

9. He saw it as clearly as though it were before his eyes.

6. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice:

7. The director has just signed the letter.

8. The accountant must check the invoice.

9. As the buyers had not opened a letter of credit, we could not ship the goods.

7. Insert the necessary prepositions: about, to, from, on, of, for.

13. Can I speak … Jane, please?

14. That was clever … you.

15. I feel sorry … Nick. He has a lot of problems.

16. I’m sorry … the noise last night. We were having a party.

17. He spoke … the international situation.

18. I shall stay in the library … five till seven.