The category of voice
shows the relation between the action and its participants that are syntactically represented as the subject and the object of the construction.
In traditional descriptions: there are 2 voices: active and passive.
Active is expressed by an unmarked form, which is less specified in meaning and capable of convening quite a few grammatical shades.
Passive form is gram marked by the discontinuous morpheme BE + -ED and is much more restricted in terms of its grammatical meaning.
Дополнения: прямое и косвенное. За каждом из них зарезервирована та или иная сторона грам значения
The discussion of the idea of voice is tightly connected with the notion of TRANSITIVITY (ПЕРЕХОДНОСТЬ)The very idea of T presupposes that the action may go beyond its semantical borders and involve other participants. Thus if a verb describes an action that can involve other participants, we call them T and say that with them the V may be used in 2 voice forms.
There re several meanings and only 2 forms.
These 2 form manage to cope wth their broad semantic tasks successfully.
Beside the Active voice we speak about such voices as Middle voice, Reflexive voice, Reciprocal voice. The grammatical subject is not in fact the doer of the language. It is the sufferer.
Он сломал ногу - нет смысла намеренности; "выполняющий" действие лишен возможности контролировать ситуацию.
Perhaps the issue that can clarify is the existence of the specific form that is capable of ... all these meanings.
For a specific gram meaning we need a specific grammatical form: we speak about 2 voices only, because each of them is represented by a specific grammatical form... such sentences are very few in number.
Немаркированная форма оказывается гораздо более гибкой к семантике окружения итд, в рез-те оттягивает на себя все те возможности, которые можно передать.
Пассивная форма - сложная, ограниченная, оказывается ограниченной и в своих синтаксических возможностях. Хотя именно она работает для передачи значений страдательности, хотя формально мы имеем дело в подл грамматическим, которое играет роль деятеля.
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Л.С. Бархударов suggests that it's much more appropriate to speak about the opposition of positive and non-positive voice, because in some sentences the subject is not the agent or performer.
Смирницкий goes on to say that the idea of presence of several voices in only semantically based and it doesn’t find any formal support in the system of the English language as modern language possesses only 2 voice-forms.
TYPES OF POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
DIRECT
S corresponds to the DO of the active construction
Coal is used for making many artificial materials.
INDIRECT
S corresponds to the IO of the active construction
She was told an interesting story
PREPOSITIONAL
S corresponds to the PrO of the active constructions
The car was lost sight of
ADVERBIALS corresponds to the AM of the active construction
The bed wasn't slept in
THE CHOICE OF THE ACTIVE OR PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION depends on:
Работа: 2 страницы, библиография
Не делать: библиографические сноски (под текст).Надо: в пределах текста в [] название источника.
2 группы тем - 2 разные квалификации/стандарты.
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