Pronoun is a part of speech:

- Semantically distinct

(indication)

- Morphologically distinct

(restricted morphology)

THOUGH- Syntactically shows similarity to nouns and adj

2) Is the N a notion part of speech or a function word?

N are NOTIONAL because they can be used as independent parts of the sentenceN are FUNCTIONAL words:

1) Semantically abstract

2)Form a closed system

N are never borrowed from other languages. They form a closed class of words (like prepositions, articles).

=> N form intermediate class of STRUCTURAL WORDS.Л. С. Бархударов

STATIVES

or WORDS OF THE CATEGORY OF STATE

• make up a separate part of speech:

Morphologically possess a distinct structure: a-live, a-sleep...

Syntactically perform independent functions:- She was asleep on the sofa

- I saw her asleep on the sofa- The boy asleep on the sofa was breathing quietly

• do not make up a separate PS, are subgroup of the adj

• State is variety of the meaning of property

The suffix a- is a derivational element. more afraid, painfully aware

2) Typical restrictions of functions

THE ENGLISH VERB

Through the V we establish relations in the sentence

DEFINITION.

• Semantics:

V denotes:

1) Action

2) Process, state

(FINITE)

7 categories:

- tense

- aspect

- mood

- voice

- phase

- person

- number

(NON-FINITE)

- aspect

- voice

- phase

2) Derivational suffixes: - ize, -en, -ify,\;

prefixes: re-, under-, over-, mis-, un-,... 1) (FINITE) - predicate

(NON-FINITE) - any other function

2) Verb + Adverb ...

THE CATEGORY OF TENSE

(Time =/= tense)

Grammatical category reflecting a non-grammatical idea of time

Time is a philosophical category that is defined as one of the possible form of material existence. The category of T is not a linguistic universal. There are languages in which T doesn’t exist at all (Japanese, Chinese...)

The most widespread viewpoint: in the English language there are 3 tenses.

• PRESENT

speech time

(Different types of present time actions (+ past time actions + future actions)

• PAST

anterior to speech time, disconnected

(Past actions proper)

• FUTURE

(Hypothetical problematic)posterior to speech time, disconnected

=> are the 3 tenses in grammar councide with the philosophical category of time?

22.10

PRESENT TENSE is responsible for the events which occur at the moment of speaking while PAST TENCE comprises events which take place before the moment of speaking, and FUTURE TENSE deals with events that are posterior to the moment of speaking.

Using Pr.T we can speak about actions covering a prolonged period of time. the attention and participation of the communicative partner.

Pr.T is temporally non-specific.

• Pr.T can be used to denote future actions. It can be structurally bound (clauses of time...), lexically and structurally bound in object-clauses.

• We use Pr.T when we speak about preplanned action and Pr.Cont. when we speak about individual plans.

БАРХУДАРОВ:

It's more sensible to speak about past and non-past forms.

By him, Past Simple, being marked form, is responsible for change of actions in the past.

FUTURE: 2 options

There isn future

STATUS OF SHALL/WILL + INF:

СМИРНИЦКИЙ БАРХУДАРОВ

* 3-tense system * 2 tense system

analytical tense form no future tense form(traditional system)

*SHALL / WILL = tense auxiliaries * SHALL/WILL = modal verbs

- 'll

- "will" combines with all persons and numbers - shall/will do, be doing, have done

- shall (=should), will (=would)

past forms

- other possibilities (to be going to do, to be about to,

to be to, Pr.S., Pr. Cont)

=> we dont have The Future Tense:

we have a choice of means.