- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
90. Algae, their applications
Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length.
Algae are exploited in so many ways.
They can serve as food (particularly in Asia). Salad made of ulva is easy way to ensure you daily doses of fibers and vitamins.
Agar- agar is a polysaccharide derived from red algae. It gets gelatinous after boiling and it’s used as a substrate for microbial cultivation. Agar is also used in food industry as thickening agent, as ingredient in various deserts, or can serve as appetite suppressant and laxative… Beside agar, carrageenan is other polysaccharide extracted from red algae that is also widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry.
Algal pigments are very important for their photosynthetic activity but can serve as natural coloring agents once extracted.
Industrial pollution increases demand for environmental friendly solutions. Algae find their role in biodegradable plastic production.
High rate of agriculture increases a need for efficient fertilizers. Since algae are natural source of essential plant nutrients – they serve as perfect fertilizers. And best thing is that you can collect them on your own!
For me, the most important thing about algae is that they could be used as a biofuel. Fossil fuels are formed during the anaerobic degradation of the organisms died long time ago. Over 85% of energy in the world is provided by fossil fuels. The reserves of fossil fuels are limited and they are not renewable. If this tempo remains unchanged, reserves will be depleted soon. That’s why so many efforts are made in finding and establishing new and renewable energy sources. Algal fuel is good alternative. It could also reduce the amount of CO2 released during the fuel burning process by absorbing certain amount of the gas during the growing phase (CO2 is essential for photosynthesis). Algal fuel is much cheaper than conventional fuel and it can be produced easily (waste water as substrate is also an option). It’s biodegradable and wouldn’t affect environment. Manufacturing process is simple. Lipids extracted out of the biomass are turned into biodiesel and bioethanol and biobutanol are end products of carbohydrate fermentation. Besides liquid fuels, methane and biogasoline can be derived as well. In any case biomass “leftovers” are used as an animal feedstock.
Algae are growing rapidly and produce huge amount of biomass in short time. They could be exploited in numerous ways. If we start acting smart and responsible, high production will be obvious in biofuel factories instead in the ocean and success in future renewable energy will be guaranteed.