- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells andprogenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells (these are called pluripotent cells), but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
In Stem Cell Therapies Today, we saw how stem cells are being used to treat diseases such as leukemia. Stem cell transplant procedures also show promise for treating neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Researchers and physicians are working to design stem cell therapies that
-Are more effective, and
-Reduce the invasiveness and the risk to patients
Today's stem cell therapies usually rely on cells that are donated by another person. This raises the possibility of donor cell rejection by the patient's immune system. In the future, it may be possible for a person to use a sample of his or her own stem cells to regenerate tissue, which would reduce or even eliminate the danger of rejection. How might this be done? Some possibilities include:
-Collecting healthy adult stem cells from a patient and manipulating them in the laboratory to create new tissue. The tissue would be re-transplanted back into the patient's body, where it would work to restore a lost function.
-Therapeutic cloning, as described in Creating Stem Cells for Research, might enable the creation of embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to the patient.
-One less invasive way to achieve this goal would be to manipulate existing stem cells within the body to perform therapeutic tasks. For example, scientists might design a drug that would direct a certain type of stem cell to restore a lost function inside the patient's body. This approach would eliminate the need for invasive surgical procedures to harvest and transplant stem cells.
How long will a stem cell therapy last?
-The reason we age is because our cells do. If adult stem cells are used in therapies, will the tissues created from those cells age and malfunction more quickly? Scientists don't yet know how long different stem cell treatments might last.
Can we ensure that stem cell therapies won't form tumors in the body?
-Embryonic stem cells are naturally programmed to divide continuously and remain undifferentiated. To be used successfully in therapies, embryonic stem cells must be directed to differentiate into the desired type of tissue and ultimately stop dividing. Any undifferentiated embryonic stem cells that are placed in the body might continue to divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming tumors.
-Avoiding tumor growth is crucial to the success of stem cell therapies.
77 |
)Methods for determining the viability of eggs, sperm and embryos |
The method for determining the viability of embryos relates to agriculture and can be used for embryo transfer in farm animals. The invention consists in that the embryo quality assessed twice: before freezing, then after freezing and thawing and by comparing the results of these evaluations is determined embryo viability. To carry viable embryos that have not changed their evaluation process of cryopreservation. The method improves the accuracy of determining the viability of embryos during freezing and in the degree of change in the quality of their results to predict engraftment after non-surgical transplantation. The method also allows the use of embryos rating 3 points to freeze. There are methods for assessing the quality of embryos in vitro, which involve the use of dyes that detect enzyme activity (fluorescein diacetate) (2) or a special label that defines membrane damage in a defective condition of embryonic cells (3). However, these methods are not without drawbacks, as the additional manipulation of embryos during their assessments can cause the reduction or complete loss of their ability to further development, in addition, they require additional costs for reagents and efforts of experts. Closer to the present invention is a method of temporary embryo culture in vitro in the laboratory to refine the quality assessment based on morphological criteria (1). Work to assess the embryo is performed under a stereo microscope with a magnification of 60-80 times, given the stage of embryo development, compliance with its chronological age, determine the morphology of embryos and, on the basis of these criteria, assess the quality of the embryo and its suitability for further use. There were and there are many misconceptions about the speed of movement and life span of sperm. Now we know that the time during which the spermatozoa retain their mobility, as well as the period of their ability oplototvoryayuschey much shorter than previously thought. Preservation of sperm motility was seen as an indicator of fertility. Now we know that mobility continues for much longer than the ability to fertilize. The rabbit, for example, found experimentally that the sperm lose the ability to fertilize after about tridtsatichasovogo stay in the female genital tract, while their mobility continues up to two days. Unfortunately, similar data on human sperm is not as accurate. It is believed that their fertilizing capacity is maintained for 1-2 days, and mobility, apparently, 2 times longer. The method developed by scientists an opportunity to assess the viability of the embryo, is based on the observation of the movements taking place in the egg immediately after fertilization. At this point, the nature and rate of pulsation of the cytoplasm, scientists can determine the possible viability of the fetus. These conclusions are based on the observations of experts for bulges and protrusions on the surface of a fertilized egg, which appear and disappear in the process of ripple cytoplasm. These characteristic movements going on about four hours associated with activation of actin and myosin cytoskeleton. Fluctuations in the concentration of calcium ions that accompany the process of fertilization, cause changes in the structure of the cytoskeleton. The speed and nature of such movements suggest how to viable embryo. The results of these studies have great value, especially for in vitro fertilization (IVF), in which fusion of gametes carried out "in vitro", after which the fertilized egg is implanted future mother. This process, in vitro fertilization, is not always succeeds, doctors sometimes have to implant several fertilized eggs, and the status of the embryo assessed by analyzing the cells of the embryo.