- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
Reproduction and its Hormonal Control
Different mammals have different patterns of reproduction
• Eg mammals, rats and mice can breed all year round, whereas others have distinct breeding seasons.
This is to ensure that the young are born when food is abundant. The timing of the breeding season is
regulated by a biological clock, which is probably adjusted by seasonal changes in day length.
In mammals the gametes (sex cells) are:
• small motile male gametes (sperm) whish is produced in large quantities
• larger, non-motile food storing female gamete (ovum) which is produced in much smaller numbers
Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes
• sperm production is called spermatogenesis
• where the eggs are formed (matured) is called oogenesis
In the females of all mammals, there is a cycle known as:
• Oestrous cycle Æ ovulation, when the female is most fertile
• Menstruation cycle Æ the uterus lining in all mammals undergoes a similar pattern of thickening during a
reproductive cycle. However if fertilisation does not occur, the uterine lining of primates breaks down and
it is discharged with blood through the vagina, whereas the uterine lining of non-menstruating mammals is
reabsorbed and there is no excessive bleeding. The discharge of blood is called menstruation.
HORMONE:
FSH
• stimulates the growth & development of the follicle
• stimulates secretion of oestrogen
• enhances effect of LH in stimulating ovulation
LH
• stimulates the final development of the follicle
• stimulates ovulation
• stimulates the development of the corpus luteum
• stimulates production of progesterone
Oestrogen
• stimulates repair of uterine lining
• at high conc. inhibits FSH, however during 'pituitary hormone surge' it stimulates
further FSH production
• as conc. peaks stimulates release of LH
Progesterone
• maintains uterine lining
• inhibits release of FSH
• inhibits release of LH
• fall in conc. results in menstruation
• fall in conc. removes inhibition of FSH and a new cycle begins.
35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created the first genetically modified animal by inserting a DNA virus into an early-stage mouse embryo and showing that the inserted genes were present in every cell.[1] However the mice did not pass the transgene to their offspring. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle from Yale, Frank Constantini and Elizabeth Lacy from Oxford, and Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter from University of Pennsylvania and University of Washington injected purified DNA into a single-cell mouse embryo and showed transmission of the genetic material to subsequent generations. During the early eighties the technology used to generate genetically modified mice was improved into a tractable and reproducible method.Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982