- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.Totipotent cells include spores and zygotes. In the spectrum of cell potency, totipotency represents the cell with the greatest differentiation potential.Toti comes from the Latin totus which means "entirely."
Research has helped demonstrate that cells can regain totipotency[5] but research has also shown that regaining totipotency is complex. Instead of regaining full totipotency, cells may instead differentiate through a complex cellular variation of totipotency.
Just how totipotent cells arise is described through the process of human development. Consider first that human development begins when a spermfertilizes an egg. The resulting fertilized egg creates a single totipotent cell, a zygote. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm) and into cells of thecytotrophoblast layer or syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. After reaching the 16-cell stage, the totipotent cells of the moruladifferentiate into cells that will eventually become either the blastocyst's Inner cell mass or the outer trophoblasts. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize. The inner cell mass, the source ofembryonic stem cells, is pluripotent, not totipotent.
In cell biology, pluripotency (from the Latin plurimus, meaning very many, and potens, meaning having power)[11] refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system).
Multipotency describes progenitor cells which have the gene activation potential to differentiate into multiple, but limited cell types. For example, a multipotent blood stem cell is a hematopoieticcell — and this cell type can itself differentiate into several types of blood cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, etc., but cannot differentiate into brain cells, bone cells or other non-blood cell types.
New research related to multipotent cells suggests that multipotent cells may be capable of conversion into unrelated cell types. In one case, fibroblasts were converted into functional neurons.[19]In another case, human umbilical cord blood stem cells were converted into human neurons.[21] Research is also focusing on converting multipotent cells into pluripotent cells.
Multipotent cells are found in many, but not all human cell types. Multipotent cells have been found in adipose tissue,[23] cardiac cells,[24] bone marrow, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) which are found in the third molar.