- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
Laboratory animals
Mouse
Drosophila
Chinese hamster
Sea urchin
Xenopus
Rat
Rabbit
Farm animals
cattle (cows, buffalo)
small ruminants (sheep and goats)
horses
pigs
poultry (chicken, turkey, duck, goose)
fish (salmon, carp, herring)
silkworm etc.
Improving human health depends on the understanding of inside biology (through genetics, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, anatomy etc) as well as outside (through environmental contacts with other living and non-living things/products).
For this purpose, many human diseases (e.g. genetic, acquired, metabolic or infectious) are modeled in animals to develop diagnostic assays, test therapies and
preclinical research on scientific basis. With advances in biotechnology, more and more assays and preclinical trials are conducted in the animal model systems to
understand the disease and functional biology because animal models mimic the human biology very closely. Popular lab animals include mice, rats, rabbits, fish and Drosophila. It is important to learn general biology and handling skills for these animals to use them inexperimental research.This is why the use of animals continue to be mandatory to meet the statutory requirements.
-Drosophila, usually the species Drosophila melanogaster - a kind of fruit fly, famous as the subject of genetics experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan and others. Easily raised in lab, rapid generations, mutations easily induced, many observable mutations. Recently, Drosophila has been used for neuropharmacological research.
-Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse.
-African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) - eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology,biotech, toxicology, and neuroscience
-fish - has a nearly transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy. The fishs are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology,specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.
-Mouse - the classic model vertebrate. Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary wheel-running behavior.
-monkey - used for studies on infectious disease and cognition.
-Guinea pig - used by bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today.
-Chicken - used for developmental studies, as it is an amniote and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products
-Cat - used in neurophysiological research
-Dog - an important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning.