- •2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology
- •3) Totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent animal cells
- •4.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •5)The principles of genetic cloning
- •6.Allophenic animals. Genetic chimers
- •8) Methods for introducing foreign dna into animal cells
- •9)Cryopreservation of reproductive and germ cells of animals and humans
- •11)The principles and methods of plant cells cultivation in vitro
- •12. The types of medium. Physiological means of compounds medium (as an example you can use the composition of Murashige-Skug medium)
- •14)Differentiation and dedifferentiation in plant cell culture. The obtaining callus mass and cultivation of callus tissue .
- •15)The influence of phytohormons on morphogenesis and regeneration in plant cells culture
- •16.The main path of morphogenesis processes in plant cells culture
- •18.The growth stages in suspension culture
- •20) The factors influenced on microclonal propagation in plant cell culture.
- •21) What is Biotechnology? Various definitions of “Biotechnology”. History of Biotechnology
- •22.Microbial Biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology
- •24.Sterilization in Biotechnology: Methods and principles
- •26) Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation in plant cells culture.
- •27) Artificial seeds". Embryo culture in vitro
- •28. Culture of apical meristem cells
- •29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
- •30.Basics of phytopathology. The main diagnostics methods of plant diseases
- •32) Main objects of animal biotechnology:
- •33) Morphological and functional features of gametes - eggs and sperm
- •34Hormonal regulation of mammalian reproduction
- •35)The history of investigations of the genetic transformation of animal cells
- •36.The principles of genetic engineering in animal biotechnology
- •53)Genetic engineering. Methods of genetic transformation
- •54. Methods of receiving plant materials without viruses
- •56) The vector systems used in the genetic engineering
- •57) Methods of genetic engineering: agrobacterial genetic transformation
- •58)Methods of genetic engineering: bioballistics methods
- •60.Apply cell technology and cryopreservation technology for safe gene bank
- •62) Methods of producing chimeras
- •63) Collection and cultivation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro
- •64 Collection and cultivation of embryos in vivo and in vitro
- •66.Fertilization of oocytes in vitro, environment and conditions
- •68) Draw a diagram of the structure of plasmid pBr322
- •69) Draw a diagram of an experiment in genetic engineering (design recDna) and give a description of the main stages
- •70)Describe the calcium-phosphate method for introducing foreign dna into mammalian cells.
- •72 Methods of cryopreservation of sperm and oocytes of mammals
- •74) Modes of freezing and thawing of gametes and embryos
- •75) Methods of artificial fertilization: gamete insemination fallopian tube (gift), zygosity insemination fallopian tubes (zift).
- •76) Stem cells and prospects for their use in practice
- •78.Technical equipment of experiments on artificial insemination
- •80) Methods of animal cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning
- •81) Microorganisms in water and wastewater treatment
- •82 Microbial fermentations in food products
- •84.Bacterial examination of water and standard water analysis
- •86) Use of e.Coli for the biotechnological production
- •87) Microbes in milk and dairy products
- •88) What is the benefit of microorganisms in industry
- •90. Algae, their applications
29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction
Over the past 15 years has been actively developing the reconstruction of cells, and the number of publications is growing like an avalanche. This is natural, since the reconstructed cells formed from the nucleus and cytoplasm of different origin can be used to solve a large number of important biological problems. At the moment, the problem of reconstruction of the cell enters a new phase in the emergence of a new effective physical method - elektrostimuliruemogo cell fusion.
Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells and the problem of developmental biology. Reconstruction embryonic substantially includes such important task developmental biology as mechanisms of genetic information. This direction is intended to address important issues such as the study of real totipotency of the genome of cells of different levels of differentiation, the ability of genomes to reprogramming, research approaches to obtaining paternal and maternal copies or cloning, the production of hybrid animals and interspecies chimeras by artificial fusion of genomes and the creation of reconstructed zygotes and early embryos . Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells allows us to look at the interaction between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and membrane receptor structures of the genome. A special place is occupied by the experiments on transplanting nuclei of tumor cells into enucleated oocyte. Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells opens up the possibility to study the role of heredity in the development of extranuclear.
Reconstruction of differentiated cells and the problems of cytology. Such methods of reconstruction is very important for elucidating the mechanisms of division, in particular the mechanisms of activation of chromatin in the reconstruction of cells from their predecessors, is in various stages of the mitotic cycle. These studies help to identify the mechanisms of the correlation of certain properties of the cells, such as the relationship between the increase in the ability of cells to metastasize, and malignant growth with reduced ability to form intercellular diffusion channels. Finally, it is important to study the mechanisms of cell aging.
Reconstruction of the cells and the problem of genetic information cryopreserved genomes of endangered species. With existing methods of cryopreservation and thawing of different cell structures (gametes, gonads, embryos) in 30-50% of cases of damaged cytoplasmic membrane. Cytoplasmic membrane may also be frustrated by peroxidation of membrane lipids. At the same time pointed out repeatedly that the chromosomes are much more resistant to the processes of freezing and thawing. In this regard, it is essential, of replacing the damaged cell membrane to the cell wall of the zygote from the other, but closely related species. In some cases it is very important to be able transplantation of individual chromosomes, such as the need to redefine gender. Similar problems arise when solving the problem of the role of maternal cytoplasm of developing organisms. It is interesting to develop instructional techniques to replace the cytoplasm as a whole and its individual elements. Of particular interest are the indicated task in connection with the implementation of the genetic information of cryopreserved genomes in interspecific nuclear transplantation. Also important task of getting interline and interspecific chimeras by replacing the single core in one of the cells at the stage of two blastomeres. Obtaining such chimeras can help overcome by interspecies embryo incompatibility of the recipient and the donor.
Reconstruction of the cell and biotechnology task. Primarily refers to such combination of the reconstructed parts of the cell when it will be possible to receive producer cells capable of active synthesis of these or other biological products. To solve the various problems of cell physiology is very important to obtain chimeras at the cellular level when the artificially created cells with this combination of properties, which do not occur naturally. For example, a combination of very large cell, which creates good conditions for physiological analysis, the synthesis of membrane receptors, ion channels, etc., which are characterized by the presence of a small cell, for physiological analysis difficult. Furthermore, the described features are reconstructed using cells, zygotes particular animal or plant cells cambial allows approach of cloning for agricultural animals.