1 Place of animal biotechnology within the biological sciences. Animal biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing or production of materials by animals or aquatic species to provide goods and services. Advances in animal biotechnology have been facilitated by recent progress in sequencing and analyzing animal genomes, identification of molecular markers (microsatellites, expressed sequence tags, quantitative trait loci, etc.) and a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate gene expression. 500 B.C.: the discovery of first antibiotic, moldy soybean curds, to use to treat boils in China. 1761: English Physian Edward Jenner pioneers vaccination, inoculated a child with a viral smallpox vaccine. 1928: Alexander Fleming Scottish scientist discovered Penicillin. 1942: Penicillin was mass-produced in microbes for the first time. 1950s: The first synthetic antibiotic was created. 1951: Artificial insemination of livestock was accomplished using frozen semen. 1978: Recombinant human insulin was produced for the first time. 1979: First time Human growth hormone was synthesized. 1981: The first transgenic animals by transferring genes from other animals into mice produced by Scientists at Ohio University 1982: The first recombinant DNA vaccine for livestock was developed. 1982: Human insulin produced in genetically modified bacteria, was approved by FDA. 1986: The first recombinant vaccine for humans, a vaccine for hepatitis B, was approved. 1986: Interferon becomes the first anticancer compound produced through biotech. 1992: Bovine somatotropin (BST) was approved by FDA for increased milk production in dairy cows. 1994: The first breast cancer gene was discovered. 1994: The International Commission for the Certification of Polio Eradication. certified Americas as polio-free . 1996: A gene associated with Parkinson’s disease was discovered. 1996: The first genetically engineered crop was commercialized. 1997: The first animal cloned from an adult cell was made in Scotland namely Dolly(sheep). 2003: The Human Genome Project completed the sequencing of the human genome. 2006: The recombinant vaccine developed against human papillomavirus. 2007: The first H5N1 vaccine approved for avian flu by FDA. 2009: The first genetically engineered animal for production of a recombinant form of human antithrombin approved by FDA.

2) Objects and methods of animal biotechnology

Animal biotechnology is the use of science and engineering to modify living organisms. The goal is to make products, to improve animals and to develop organisms for specific agricultural and medicine uses.

Animal Biotechnology methods and tools are based on methods of:

Developmental Biology- is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis, which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy, and even regeneration and aging,^[1] more recently.

Cell Biology -  is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This isdone both on amicroscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria andprotozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans, plants, and sponges.

Genetics and Molecular Biology -  is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularlygenetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between the different types of DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated.

Gene Engineering - is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. (Indirect genetic modification through artificial selection has been practiced for centuries.) New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genes may be removed, or "knocked out", using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombinationto change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce point mutations.

Objects:

Laboratory animals

Mouse

Drosophila

Chinese hamster

Sea urchin

Xenopus

Rat

Rabbit

Farm animals

cattle (cows, buffalo)

small ruminants (sheep and goats)

horses

pigs

poultry (chicken, turkey, duck, goose)

fish (salmon, carp, herring)

silkworm etc.

Improving human health depends on the understanding of inside biology (through genetics, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, anatomy etc) as well as outside (through environmental contacts with other living and non-living things/products).

For this purpose, many human diseases (e.g. genetic, acquired, metabolic or infectious) are modeled in animals to develop diagnostic assays, test therapies and

preclinical research on scientific basis. With advances in biotechnology, more and more assays and preclinical trials are conducted in the animal model systems to

understand the disease and functional biology because animal models mimic the human biology very closely. Popular lab animals include mice, rats, rabbits, fish and Drosophila. It is important to learn general biology and handling skills for these animals to use them inexperimental research.This is why the use of animals continue to be mandatory to meet the statutory requirements.

-Drosophila, usually the species Drosophila melanogaster - a kind of fruit fly, famous as the subject of genetics experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan and others. Easily raised in lab, rapid generations, mutations easily induced, many observable mutations. Recently, Drosophila has been used for neuropharmacological research.

-Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse.

-African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) - eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology,biotech, toxicology, and neuroscience

-fish - has a nearly transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy. The fishs are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology,specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.

-Mouse - the classic model vertebrate. Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary wheel-running behavior.

-monkey - used for studies on infectious disease and cognition.

-Guinea pig - used by bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today.

-Chicken - used for developmental studies, as it is an amniote and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products

-Cat - used in neurophysiological research

-Dog - an important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning.