- •The participle
- •The categories of participle I
- •The functions of participle I in the sentence:
- •Adverbial modifier of:
- •The functions of participle II in the sentence:
- •Adverbial modifier of:
- •I. The objective participial construction
- •Function: complex object
- •Of sense perception (participle I and participle II): to see, to hear, to observe, to perceive, to smell, to notice, to discover, to find
- •Of mental activity (participle II): to consider, to believe, to understand etc.
- •Of causative meaning (participle I and participle II): to have, to get, to keep, to start, to set, to order
- •To catch (participle I):
- •To leave (participle I and participle II):
- •II. The subjective participial construction
- •Participle II:
- •III. The nominative absolute participial construction
- •IV. The prepositional absolute participial construction
- •A. The nominative absolute construction without a participle
- •B. The prepositional absolute construction without a participle
- •Set expressions
Participle II:
|
is |
seen |
|
|
was |
left |
|
Smb./smth |
will be |
found |
done |
|
can be |
considered |
|
|
|
believed etc. |
|
The door was found locked.
The letter was left signed.
The car was believed stolen.
III. The nominative absolute participial construction
(абсолютная беспредложная причастная конструкция)
Noun in the common case/pronoun in the nominative case + participle
The door being open, we came in.
Translation: clause.
This construction is usually separated by a comma.
FUNCTION: an adverbial modifier of:
time (rarely):
This work finished, he went home.
cause:
It being late, she went to bed.
His work being over, he went home.
There being nothing to discuss, we went home.
attendant circumstances (usually in postposition, translated by a coordinate clause):
He went out, his work forgotten.
He went out, we following him.
manner:
He just sat there, his hands folded on his lap.
condition:
Weather permitting, we’ll go there tomorrow.
IV. The prepositional absolute participial construction
(абсолютная причастная конструкция с предлогом)
WITH + noun in the common case/pronoun in the objective case + participle (mostly noun, pronoun is quite rare)
Translation: clause or деепричастный оборот.
This construction is usually (but not always) separated by a comma.
FUNCTION: an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances or manner, time and reason:
We set off, with Jack driving and me dozing off.
He sat with his legs crossed.
They were sitting still, with their eyes fixed on the ground.
In the morning, with everybody gone to work, the house seemed abandoned.
ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT A PARTICIPLE
A. The nominative absolute construction without a participle
(абсолютная беспредложная беспричастная конструкция)
He was sitting, his hands on his lap.
His work over, he went home.
Translation:
clause
деепричастный оборот
«c» + noun/pronoun
He was sitting, his hat in his hands. (с шапкой в руках/держа шапку в руках)
FUNCTION: an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances/manner or time.
B. The prepositional absolute construction without a participle
(абсолютная предложная беспричастная конструкция)
He was sitting with his hands on his lap.
Translation:
clause
деепричастный оборот
«c» + noun/pronoun
FUNCTION: an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances/manner or time.
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The lesson being over, we went home. – Т.к. урок закончился… (As the lesson was over,…)
The lesson over, we went home. – Когда урок закончился… (When the lesson was over,…)
The letter having been written, I posted it. – Т.к. письмо было написано… (As the letter had been written,…)
The letter written, I posted it. – Когда письмо было написано… (When/After the letter had been written,…/When the letter was written,…)
***