29)Cell reconstruction. Theoretical means of cell reconstruction

Over the past 15 years has been actively developing the reconstruction of cells, and the number of publications is growing like an avalanche. This is natural, since the reconstructed cells formed from the nucleus and cytoplasm of different origin can be used to solve a large number of important biological problems. At the moment, the problem of reconstruction of the cell enters a new phase in the emergence of a new effective physical method - elektrostimuliruemogo cell fusion.

Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells and the problem of developmental biology. Reconstruction embryonic substantially includes such important task developmental biology as mechanisms of genetic information. This direction is intended to address important issues such as the study of real totipotency of the genome of cells of different levels of differentiation, the ability of genomes to reprogramming, research approaches to obtaining paternal and maternal copies or cloning, the production of hybrid animals and interspecies chimeras by artificial fusion of genomes and the creation of reconstructed zygotes and early embryos . Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells allows us to look at the interaction between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and membrane receptor structures of the genome. A special place is occupied by the experiments on transplanting nuclei of tumor cells into enucleated oocyte. Reconstruction of embryonic stem cells opens up the possibility to study the role of heredity in the development of extranuclear.

Reconstruction of differentiated cells and the problems of cytology. Such methods of reconstruction is very important for elucidating the mechanisms of division, in particular the mechanisms of activation of chromatin in the reconstruction of cells from their predecessors, is in various stages of the mitotic cycle. These studies help to identify the mechanisms of the correlation of certain properties of the cells, such as the relationship between the increase in the ability of cells to metastasize, and malignant growth with reduced ability to form intercellular diffusion channels. Finally, it is important to study the mechanisms of cell aging.

Reconstruction of the cells and the problem of genetic information cryopreserved genomes of endangered species. With existing methods of cryopreservation and thawing of different cell structures (gametes, gonads, embryos) in 30-50% of cases of damaged cytoplasmic membrane. Cytoplasmic membrane may also be frustrated by peroxidation of membrane lipids. At the same time pointed out repeatedly that the chromosomes are much more resistant to the processes of freezing and thawing. In this regard, it is essential, of replacing the damaged cell membrane to the cell wall of the zygote from the other, but closely related species. In some cases it is very important to be able transplantation of individual chromosomes, such as the need to redefine gender. Similar problems arise when solving the problem of the role of maternal cytoplasm of developing organisms. It is interesting to develop instructional techniques to replace the cytoplasm as a whole and its individual elements. Of particular interest are the indicated task in connection with the implementation of the genetic information of cryopreserved genomes in interspecific nuclear transplantation. Also important task of getting interline and interspecific chimeras by replacing the single core in one of the cells at the stage of two blastomeres. Obtaining such chimeras can help overcome by interspecies embryo incompatibility of the recipient and the donor.

Reconstruction of the cell and biotechnology task. Primarily refers to such combination of the reconstructed parts of the cell when it will be possible to receive producer cells capable of active synthesis of these or other biological products. To solve the various problems of cell physiology is very important to obtain chimeras at the cellular level when the artificially created cells with this combination of properties, which do not occur naturally. For example, a combination of very large cell, which creates good conditions for physiological analysis, the synthesis of membrane receptors, ion channels, etc., which are characterized by the presence of a small cell, for physiological analysis difficult. Furthermore, the described features are reconstructed using cells, zygotes particular animal or plant cells cambial allows approach of cloning for agricultural animals.