- •1.The basic properties of microorganisms. Factors ubiquitous of microorganisms
- •3.Major fields of theoretical and applied Microbiology
- •4.Major Characteristics of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- •6.Sphere -haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description
- •7.Curved-haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description.
- •8.Plazma (cytoplasmic) membrane. Structure. Functions. Destruction of the plasma membrane by antimicrobial agents
- •9.Movement of materials across membranes. Simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion.Osmosis.
- •10)Movement of materials across membranes. Active transport. Group translocation.
- •12.The Golden age of microbiology. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch. Their significance for microbiology, biotechnology and medicine.
- •15. Bacterial cell envelop. The composition and functions of Bacterial Envelope.
- •17. Cell Wall of Gram negative bacteria. The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria
- •Characteristics
- •18. Cell Wall-less Forms. Protoplasts. Spheroplasts. L-forms of the bacterium. Mycoplasma
- •19. Appendages structures of bacterial cell. Pili and fimbriae. Properties and functions of pili and fimbriae.
- •Key Concepts:
- •20. The structure and function of the bacterial flagella and axial filaments
- •21. Different arrangements of bacterial flagella. Flagella movement. Correlation of swimming behavior and flagellar rotation. Taxis
- •22. Glycocalyx structure. Capsules, slime Layers. Their functions
- •Vegetative reproduction. Binary fission of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The stage of binary fission. Generation time.
- •Vegetative reproduction. Budding. Multiply fission. The types of grown cycle. Asexual Reproduction of Actinomycetes.
- •Resting cell shape in prokaryotes. Cysts. Endospore. The structure and function.
- •The stage of endospore formation. Germination of endospore.
- •Quorum sensing-social lives of bacteria. Biofilms. Cell-to-cell communication. Signalling molecules.
- •28. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transformation.
- •29. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Conjugation.
- •33. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transduction. Types of transduction.
- •31. Systemics and Taxonomy of microorganisms. Classification. Types of taxonomy: numerical, phylogenetic, polyphase. Nomenclature.
- •32) The characteristic features of Archaebacteria. Сlassification of Archaea.
- •34.Unconventional viruses. Defective viruses.
- •35. Diversity of viruses. Classification criteria. Nomenclature of viruses.
- •36 The interaction of the virus with the cell. Reproduction of viruses.
- •37. Bacteriophages. Types of morphology. The chemical composition.
- •38. The types of interaction of phage with the bacterial cell. Lysogenicity.
6.Sphere -haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description
Spherical bacterium (coccus - Cocco, a spherical body) are spherical in shape, elliptical, bean-shaped and lanceolate.
According to the location of individuals and the plane by dividing cocci are divided into:
Staphylococci (Staphyle - a bunch of grapes) - cocci, which breed in the three planes in unlimited quantities (Staphylococcus aureus).
Streptococci (Strepto - chain) - these cocci, which are divided in the same plane and are chains of different lengths (Streptococcus pyogenes).
Diplococci (Diplos - double) - cocci, joined by two individuals share the same plane (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides).
Tetrakokki (Tetra - four) - cocci, which are divided into two mutually perpendicular directions of a plane and arranged in four (Aerococcus virildans). Among tetracocci very rare representatives that can cause infectious disease in humans.
Sartsiny (Sarcio - associate) - represent a coccoid form, dividing into three mutually perpendicular planes. Located at 8, 16 or more cells (Sarcina ureo).
Micrococci (Micrococcus - small coccus) - characterized by a single or a disorderly arrangement (Micrococcus aerogenes).
cells have a diameter of from 0.5 to 1 mm ,Cocci are widespread in the environment and in humans and animals. Almost all of cocci, excluding the micrococci, and tetrakokki sartsiny include infectious diseases.
Cocci among the most important practical significance streptococcus involved in lactic acid fermentation. One of its species, falling into vats with beet juice makes the whole thing a lot of mucus, causing it huge losses in sugar factories. Many cocci cause various diseases of humans and animals. By Diplococci are agents of pneumonia, meningitis, etc., to streptococci - agent angina. Staphylococcus aureus, which has golden pigment causes suppurative processes. All of these agents may cause septicemia - blood poisoning.
7.Curved-haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description.
Vibrio cells are slightly curved, somewhat resembling a comma length of 1-3 microns. Spirillae - a rather large cells with a length of 5-30 microns thickness of 0.25-1 microns. Both are mobile, have flagella. Typical representatives are vibrio cholera vibrio and water, very similar to cholera, but don’t cause diseases, the ordinary inhabitants of fresh water, as well as spirillae. Spirilla have a helical shape and fairly rigid bodies. Apart from one of the smallest spirillae, then this genus are only harmless to human vibrio-"scavengers", together with the neighboring vibrios in a quiet backwater of standing and polluted water (Fig. 35) and in the rotting remains of plant and animal origin.
Most spirillae relatively large (5-40 microns in length and 0.5-3.0 mm in diameter). They are curved and form a spiral of several turns. Mobility is provided by one or spirillae flagella beam attached to one or both ends of the cell. The most representative of the kind of small - Spirillum minus - pathogenic, the largest - Spirillum volutans - typical saprophyte.
Spirochaetes (also spelled spirochetes) belong to a phylum of distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 5 and 250 µm and diameters around 0.1–0.6 µm. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions.
they have had tremendous impact on our lives. Both syphilis and Lyme disease are caused by these bacteria, and other species are important symbionts in the stomachs of cows and other ruminants.
Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape (comma shape), several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in saltwater, Vibrio spp. are facultative anaerobes that test positive foroxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. Pathogenic Vibrio include V. cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Vibrio cholerae is generally transmitted via contaminated water. Salmonella live in the rumen (the stomach) of ruminant animals (cattle, deer, etc.). Morphologically selenomonady vibrios are small (cell length 2 m, equipped with a beam flagella arranged laterally concave parts of the cell.