- •1.The basic properties of microorganisms. Factors ubiquitous of microorganisms
- •3.Major fields of theoretical and applied Microbiology
- •4.Major Characteristics of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- •6.Sphere -haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description
- •7.Curved-haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description.
- •8.Plazma (cytoplasmic) membrane. Structure. Functions. Destruction of the plasma membrane by antimicrobial agents
- •9.Movement of materials across membranes. Simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion.Osmosis.
- •10)Movement of materials across membranes. Active transport. Group translocation.
- •12.The Golden age of microbiology. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch. Their significance for microbiology, biotechnology and medicine.
- •15. Bacterial cell envelop. The composition and functions of Bacterial Envelope.
- •17. Cell Wall of Gram negative bacteria. The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria
- •Characteristics
- •18. Cell Wall-less Forms. Protoplasts. Spheroplasts. L-forms of the bacterium. Mycoplasma
- •19. Appendages structures of bacterial cell. Pili and fimbriae. Properties and functions of pili and fimbriae.
- •Key Concepts:
- •20. The structure and function of the bacterial flagella and axial filaments
- •21. Different arrangements of bacterial flagella. Flagella movement. Correlation of swimming behavior and flagellar rotation. Taxis
- •22. Glycocalyx structure. Capsules, slime Layers. Their functions
- •Vegetative reproduction. Binary fission of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The stage of binary fission. Generation time.
- •Vegetative reproduction. Budding. Multiply fission. The types of grown cycle. Asexual Reproduction of Actinomycetes.
- •Resting cell shape in prokaryotes. Cysts. Endospore. The structure and function.
- •The stage of endospore formation. Germination of endospore.
- •Quorum sensing-social lives of bacteria. Biofilms. Cell-to-cell communication. Signalling molecules.
- •28. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transformation.
- •29. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Conjugation.
- •33. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transduction. Types of transduction.
- •31. Systemics and Taxonomy of microorganisms. Classification. Types of taxonomy: numerical, phylogenetic, polyphase. Nomenclature.
- •32) The characteristic features of Archaebacteria. Сlassification of Archaea.
- •34.Unconventional viruses. Defective viruses.
- •35. Diversity of viruses. Classification criteria. Nomenclature of viruses.
- •36 The interaction of the virus with the cell. Reproduction of viruses.
- •37. Bacteriophages. Types of morphology. The chemical composition.
- •38. The types of interaction of phage with the bacterial cell. Lysogenicity.
4.Major Characteristics of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
The living organisms are divided into two groups on the basis of their cellular structure.
The two groups are known as prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Membrane-bound organelles are absent. Prokaryotic cells lack membranous structures such as an endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria.
So, Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes.
- PEC similarities are seen in their basic chemical structures. Both are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins
- PEC have in common ribosomes, that are the structures that make up proteins
Eukaryotic Cells
A eukaryotic cell (is larger and more complex than a prokaryotic cell and found in animals, plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa. When you look at a eukaryotic cell with a microscope you'll notice a highly organized structure of organelles that are bound by a membrane. Each organelle performs a specialized function for the cell's metabolism. Eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bound nucleus where the cell's DNA is organized into chromosomes.
Depending on the organism, a eukaryotic cell may contain external projections called flagella and cilia. Many eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. The composition of the cell wall differs with each organism. For example, the cell walls of many fungi are composed of chitin cellulose. Chitin is a polysaccharide, which is a polymer of N-acetylglu-cosamine (NAG) units. The cell wall of other fungi is made of cellulose, which is also a polysaccharide. Cellulose is also found in the cell wall of plants and many algae. Yeast has a cell wall composed of glucan and mannan, which are two polysaccharides.
In contrast, protozoa have no cell wall and instead have a pellicle. A pellicle is a flexible, proteinaceous covering. Eukaryotic cells of other organisms (such as animals) that lack a cell wall have an outer plasma membrane that serves as an outside cover for the cell. The outer plasma membrane has a sticky carbo hydrate called glycocalyx on its surface. Glycocalyx is made up of covalently bonded lipids and proteins in order to form glycolipid and glycoprotein in the plasma membrane. Glycolipid and glycoprotein anchor the glycocalyx to the cell, giving the cell strength and helping the cell to adhere to other cells. Glycocalyx is also a molecular signature used to identify the cell to other cells. White blood cells use this to identify a foreign cell before destroying it. h
A eukaryotic cell lacks peptidoglycan, which is critical in fighting bacteria with antibiotics. A bacterium is a prokaryotic cell. Peptidoglycan is the framework of a prokaryotic cell's cell wall. Antibiotics such as penicillin attack peptidoglycan resulting in the destruction of the cell wall of a bacterium. Eukaryotic cells invaded by the bacterium remain unaffected because eukary-otic cells lack peptidoglycan
The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, which is similar to the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cytoplasm also contains a cytoskeleton that gives structure and shape to the cell and assists in transporting substances throughout the cell.
The nucleus of a eukarytoic cell contains DNA (hereditary information) and is contained within a nuclear envelope. DNA is also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Depending on the organism, there can be one or more nucleoli within the nuclear envelope. A nucleolus (little nucleus) is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis, which is necessary for ribosomes to function properly.
A eukaryotic cell uses a method of cell division during reproduction called mitosis. This is the formation of two daughter cells from a parent cell.
Prokaryotic Cells
A prokaryotic cell is a cell that does not have a true nucleus. The nuclear structure is called a nucleoid. The nucleoid contains most of the cell's genetic material and is usually a single circular molecule of DNA. Karyo- is Greek for "kernel." A prokaryotic organism, such as a bacterium, is a cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. The exterior of the cell usually has glycocalyx, flagellum, fimbriae, and pili.
5.Rod-haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description. The most common form of bacteria - a rod-shaped. Rod-shaped bacteria differ in shape, size in length and width to form end cells, as well as the mutual arrangement Most bacilli appear as single rods. Diplobacilli appear in pairs after division.Streptobacilli appear in chains after division.Some bacilli are so short and fat that they look like cocci and are referred to as coccobacilli.
Their sizes in length of 1-5 microns in diameter 0.5-1 microns. Cell size of this group is very diverse. There are bacteria that were on the verge of visibility in the optical microscope (Dialister pneumosintes 0,1 × 0,15 microns), and these giants in a few tens of microns, such as some sulfur bacteria
Among this group of bacteria is very much beneficial microbes, such as nitrifiers, and bacteria assimilate nitrogen from the air, etc., but this group is a lot of infectious diseases: anthrax, brucellosis, tetanus, and intestinal infections.
Rod-shaped bacteria are short fine (the causative agent of tularemia - Francisella tularensis), short thick, they are called coccobacillus (the causative agent of brucellosis - Brucella melitensis), with long chopped off the ends (the causative agent of anthrax - Bacillus anthracis), with rounded ends (tetanus - Cl.tetani , the causative agent of typhoid fever - Salmonella typhi) and with pointed ends (the causative agent gngoyno - inflammation - Fusobacterium gonidiaformas). There are also bacteria bulavovitdnymi bulges at the ends (the causative agent of diphtheria - Corinebacterium diphteriae).
By mutual arrangement of rod-shaped bacteria are divided into three subgroups: Located along the twin (Klebsiella pneumoniae-pneumonia pathogen Friedlander), forming chains of different lengths (Bac.anthracis, Haemophilus ducrey - the causative agent of chancroid) and settling down without a certain system (Salmonella typhi, Ps. aeruginosa - Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli - E.coli, Pr.vulgaris - Proteus and many others). The total number of rod-shaped bacteria much more than coccoid.