- •1.The basic properties of microorganisms. Factors ubiquitous of microorganisms
- •3.Major fields of theoretical and applied Microbiology
- •4.Major Characteristics of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- •6.Sphere -haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description
- •7.Curved-haped bacteria. The variety of forms, their arrangement, examples, a brief description.
- •8.Plazma (cytoplasmic) membrane. Structure. Functions. Destruction of the plasma membrane by antimicrobial agents
- •9.Movement of materials across membranes. Simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion.Osmosis.
- •10)Movement of materials across membranes. Active transport. Group translocation.
- •12.The Golden age of microbiology. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch. Their significance for microbiology, biotechnology and medicine.
- •15. Bacterial cell envelop. The composition and functions of Bacterial Envelope.
- •17. Cell Wall of Gram negative bacteria. The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria
- •Characteristics
- •18. Cell Wall-less Forms. Protoplasts. Spheroplasts. L-forms of the bacterium. Mycoplasma
- •19. Appendages structures of bacterial cell. Pili and fimbriae. Properties and functions of pili and fimbriae.
- •Key Concepts:
- •20. The structure and function of the bacterial flagella and axial filaments
- •21. Different arrangements of bacterial flagella. Flagella movement. Correlation of swimming behavior and flagellar rotation. Taxis
- •22. Glycocalyx structure. Capsules, slime Layers. Their functions
- •Vegetative reproduction. Binary fission of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The stage of binary fission. Generation time.
- •Vegetative reproduction. Budding. Multiply fission. The types of grown cycle. Asexual Reproduction of Actinomycetes.
- •Resting cell shape in prokaryotes. Cysts. Endospore. The structure and function.
- •The stage of endospore formation. Germination of endospore.
- •Quorum sensing-social lives of bacteria. Biofilms. Cell-to-cell communication. Signalling molecules.
- •28. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transformation.
- •29. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Conjugation.
- •33. Genetic Exchange in Bacteria. Transduction. Types of transduction.
- •31. Systemics and Taxonomy of microorganisms. Classification. Types of taxonomy: numerical, phylogenetic, polyphase. Nomenclature.
- •32) The characteristic features of Archaebacteria. Сlassification of Archaea.
- •34.Unconventional viruses. Defective viruses.
- •35. Diversity of viruses. Classification criteria. Nomenclature of viruses.
- •36 The interaction of the virus with the cell. Reproduction of viruses.
- •37. Bacteriophages. Types of morphology. The chemical composition.
- •38. The types of interaction of phage with the bacterial cell. Lysogenicity.
Vegetative reproduction. Budding. Multiply fission. The types of grown cycle. Asexual Reproduction of Actinomycetes.
Vegetative reproduction includes: Budding, Fragmentation and Binary fission.
Budding: In this case, a small protuberance, called bud, develops at one end of the cell. Genome replication follows, and one copy of the genome gets into the bud. Then the bud enlarges, eventually become a daughter cell and finally gets separated from the parent cell.
MULTIPLE FISSION: Some algae, some protozoans, and the true slime molds (Myxomycetes) regularly divide by multiple fission. In such cases the nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions, producing a number of nuclei. After the nuclear divisions are complete, the cytoplasm separates, and each nucleus becomes encased in its own membrane to form an individual cell.
Actinomycetes reproduce by producing chains of spores and their tips (via spores), while other filamentous species fragment into new cells. Hyphal growth is followed by fragmentation and release of spores. One form of reproduction is Hyphal growth, which is followed by fragmentation and release of spores. Another form of reproduction is Conidia, which is when spores produce asexually on aerial fillaments. Cell wall is rich in lipids including waxes and fatty acids, mycolic acid. Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation, conidia, sporangiospores and oidia. They are saprotrophs and may produce a chemical substance which inhibit the growth of other micro organisms and are called antibiotics. The term antibiotic was given by Waksman, who also extracted first antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus and named it streptomycin. He was given Nobel Prize for it.
Resting cell shape in prokaryotes. Cysts. Endospore. The structure and function.
In the transition to the unfavorable conditions of existence, many prokaryotes form special differentiated forms - resting cells, the primary purpose of which is to provide experiences in the form of adverse conditions. Their common feature is the morphological thickened cell walls, as well as the frequent formation of additional surface structures while simultaneously dehydration and compaction of metabolic and genetic apparatus. As a result, resting cells are characterized by extremely low (background) levels of metabolism and energy, but acquire increased resistance to various damaging factors: high and low temperature, acidity, radiation, etc. If you get the same favorable conditions in resting cells grow to form actively metabolizing vegetative cells.Cyst – bacterial cells that have lost mobility turned into resting forms. Cyst have two coats – intine and exine. Contain poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (Azotobacter). Cysts form osme methanotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria, Spirochetes, Rickettsia
Endospores is a special type of resting cells of gram-positive bacteria that form within the cytoplasm of the mother cell. In each bacterial cell is formed by one of endospores. Endospores have a multi-layer protein covers, outer and inner membranes cortex. Moreover, they are resistant to high temperatures and radiation, normally lethal to vegetative cells.
Formation of endospores, a process that occurs only in the world of prokaryotes. Stages of formation of endospores in bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium.