- •Describe how to prepare a wet mount slide «The crushed drop» from liquid and agar microbic cultures.
- •1. Obtain a clean microscope slide.
- •What is the main technology of preparing the stains for determination of the morphology of microorganisms. What are the sizes and main shapes of the bacteria?
- •What kind of dye is used in microbiology? Name the methods of staining.
- •Types of Dyes
- •Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
- •India Ink
- •Methylene Blue Stain
- •Sketch a picture of the microorganism.
- •Sign the picture and specify Total Magnification (tm).
- •Gram Stain
- •4)What is the reason of using Gram staining? Describe this method of staining.
- •How Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria are looked like after Gram staining? Explain it.
- •How to distangushing Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria if you don’t have dyes and microscope? Describe this method and explain it.
- •Period 1
- •Period 2
- •What are the differences between slimy layer and capsule of bacteria? Capsules are considered protective structures. Various functions have been attributed to capsules including: ….
- •Biofilms – strategy of a survival of bacteria in environment. Characterize structure of biofilms. Explain the increased resistance of bacteria in biofilms.
- •Background
- •Results
- •Conclusion
- •Characterize spirochete. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •Classification
- •Spirochetes
- •12. Describe the methods Endospore (Spore) staining. Ozheshko method.
- •Explain the high resistance of bacterial endospores to unfavorable factors.
- •Characterize anaerobic spiral Gram- bacterium. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •Characterize sliding bacteria. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •Characterize budding bacteria. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •Characterize mycobacteria and nokardia forms. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •Characterize actinomycetes. What features of their morphology and structure of cells. The habitat and representatives.
- •What are the molecular and structural differences between archaea and eubacteria? Give a detailed response.
- •Bacterial Genome is consisted from 2 subsystems. Name and describe them. What properties of the cells are carried by plasmids.
- •Describe the internal structures of prokaryotic cell. Cytosol and Cytoplasm. Nonmembranous organelles: Ribosomes, Mesosomes. Nucleoid.
- •Bacteria can form specialized, morphologically differentiated structures. Describe them.
- •1. High molecular weight dna must bind to the cell surface.
- •2. The bound dna is taken up through the cell membrane.
- •3. The donor dna fragment is then integrated into the host chromosome or replicates autonomously as a plasmid.
- •Unlike eukaryote no true sexual reproduction is found in bacteria because: …. What are the features of the bacterial recombination
- •What are the functions of homologous associations of bacteria? Provide examples of homologous associations of bacteria.
- •Biochemical Tests: Microbiologists also use biochemical tests, noting a particular microbe's ability to utilize or produce certain chemicals.
- •What do the terms: pure culture, species, strain, clone in microbiology? What are the differential characteristics of the species?
- •What classification systems of microorganisms were offered before? Presents the modern classification system.
Biochemical Tests: Microbiologists also use biochemical tests, noting a particular microbe's ability to utilize or produce certain chemicals.
Triple sugar iron (TSI) agar is used to test for the ability of an organism to: a.) ferment the sugars glucose and/or lactose and b.) produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Phenol Red Broth
H2S production, either via cysteine catabolism or thiosulfate reduction, produces a black precipitate in the media.
Indole production. Kovac's reagent is added to the SIM media to detect the presence of indole. If the organism contains the enzyme tryptophanase, a pink ring is produced as an indication of indole production.
Motility test. Growth along the inoculation line only indicates non-motile organisms, while diffuse or confluent growth through the tube indicates motility.
What do the terms: pure culture, species, strain, clone in microbiology? What are the differential characteristics of the species?
Culture – the entire set of microorganisms grown on solid or liquid media.
Pure culture- set (population) of microorganisms, consisting of the same species
The prokaryotic species are collections of strains that share many properties and differ dramatically from other groups or strains.
A strain is a group of microorganisms that share characteristics that are different from microorganisms in other strains.
strain – any particular sample (isolate) of the species.
clone – culture, were isolated from 1 cell, i.e. clone - progeny of 1 cell
Differential characteristics of the species:
- Biovars is a species that contains strains characterized by differences in its biochemistry and physiology.
- Morphovars is also a species whose strains differ morphologically and structurally.
- Phagovar or phagotype ability to be lysed by certain bacteriophages
- Serovars is another species that has strains that are characterized by distinct antigenic properties (substances that stimulate the production of antibodies).
- Pathovar or pathotype - Pathogenic properties for certain hosts
What classification systems of microorganisms were offered before? Presents the modern classification system.
Haeckel (1910) Protista [Haeckel (1866) was the first to create a natural Kingdom for the microorganisms.He placed all unicellular (microscopic) organisms in a new kingdom, "Protista", separated from plants (Plantae) and animals (Animalia)]
Steiner (1960) Eukaryota;
Prokaryota
Wittecker (1970) Мonera;- Protista;
Planta; Fungi; Animalia
Murrey (1984) Gracilicutes; Firmicutes;
Tenericutes; Mendosicutes
microbial world |
||||||
ACELLULAR FORMS |
CELLULAR FORMS |
|||||
Domain “BACTERIA |
Domain “ARCHAEA |
Domain “EUKARYA” |
||||
Prokaryotes |
Eukarytes |
|||||
VIRUSES |
GRACILI- CUTES |
EURY-ARCHAEOTA |
FUNGI |
ANIMALIA |
ALGAE |
|
VIROIDES |
FIRMICUTES |
CREN-ARCHAEOTA |
||||
PRYONS |
MOLLICUTES |
COR- ARCHAEOTA |
||||