53. Calculate your expiratory reserve volume

The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be expired after a normal exhalation. Measuring the ERV is a common component of a pulmonary function test and can assist in identifying early pulmonary disease. The ERV is one of a variety of measures for lung volume which we may generally describe in terms of inhalation and exhalation. A physician typically measures these lung volumes with a spirometer but there are also more sophisticated methods. The methods for measuring ERV are provided in the following steps. 1)Define the ERV more completely. The ERV is the maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal exhalation. The volume remaining in the lungs after a normal exhale is the functional residual capacity (FRC). The volume of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled is the residual volume, or RV. Therefore, ERV = FRC - RV. 2)Exhale into a spirometer as completely as possible after a normal exhalation. This device measures the air volume and air flow that is exhaled into it over a specified time. 3)Use body plethysmography to measure ERV. This method measures pressure changes and requires the patient to sit inside an airtight box and exhale a particular volume until a shutter closes the breathing valve.

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59. Suggest menu for the students

Menus for students should:

■ Meet the nutritional needs

■ Encourage healthy food habits by introducing new

foods

■ Provide safe food prepared and served in clean

surroundings

■ Stay within budgetary limits

Breakfast Time and again, studies have shown that people who eat breakfast weigh less, have more energy, and enjoy better health. Healthy breakfast choices include whole grain cereals, muffins and breads along with fresh whole fruit or fresh fruit juice.  Cereals, both hot or cold, preferably from whole grains, may be the best choices.

Not only do the complex carbohydrates in the grains provide sustained energy, but an evaluation of data from a recent Survey showed that serum cholesterol levels were lowest among adults eating whole grain cereal for breakfast. Although those individuals who consumed other breakfast foods had higher blood cholesterol levels, levels were highest among those who typically skipped breakfast.

Lunch Lunch is a great time to enjoy a healthful bowl of soup, a large salad, and some whole-grain bread. Due to their ability to improve blood sugar regulation. bean soups and other legume dishes are especially good lunch selections for people with diabetes and blood sugar problems. Beans and legumes are an excellent source of protein and fiber, yet low in fat and calories.

Snacks The best snacks are a handful of nuts or seeds, and some fresh fruit and vegetables.

Dinner For dinner the healthiest meals contain a fresh vegetable salad, a cooked vegetable side dish or bowl of soup, some whole grains, and legumes. The whole grains may be provided in bread, pasta, as a side dish, or as part of the recipe for an entree. The legumes can be utilized in soups and salads.

Although a mixed, varied diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and legumes can provide optimal levels of protein, many people like to eat meat. The important thing is not to overconsume animal products. When you do eat red meat, opt for lean cuts rather than fat-laden choices