Review exercises

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences. Define the types of Conditionals and translate them into Russian.

1. Marked change in RNAP of the system would be expected if the DNAP increase were to reflect the increase in bacterial number. 2. Over most of the area of England, there is little doubt, oak forest would again extend, perhaps in a couple of centuries, if the country were to be completely abandoned by man and his flocks and herds. 3. If fungi and bacteria were not to be active in the destruction of leaves at the end of the growing season, the dead leaves would fall to the ground and eventually would accumulate to such an extent that the tree might be completely covered. 4. If account is taken of the illustration given in figure 9, both the principles will apply. 5. Provided a fourth molecule of water were added to the left in figure 17, an almost equilateral triangle would appear. 6. Were several small bivalents present, they were to be found in the center of the plate. 7. If we knew how the gene arose, we probably should know how life itself arose from the inorganic. 8. Unless cystitis sets in, which is frequently the case, the animal may live in spite of the disturbance of some functions. 9. Were the H-O-H angle equal to 120^o, this could give rise to a monomolecular layer of H₂O molecules. 10. On condition all these factors were taken into account, the 1.4 axis would be calculated as 5.15A, rather than 5.94A. 11. Were it not for the ability of non–chlorophyllous plants to decompose waste organic material, the earth in a very short time would be covered to an astonishing depth with an accumulation of vegetable debris. 12. Provided all particles keep as far away as possible from their neighbours, a regular arrangement will necessarily result owing to particle morphology. 13. This sort of thing would hardly be expected, were crossing over to take place in the ordinary manner as, for example, in Drosophila. 14. If we were asked what influence a given gene had, all by itself, on development, we would not be able to answer the question. 15. Should evisceration be performed in addition to the administration of an anesthetic, the following course of events may be envisaged. 16. If we had given the culture the very high dose initially, we should most likely have killed it completely, since there would have been little likelihood that the original culture would have contained a cell in which several mutations had occurred at the same time. 17. This persistence of added or lost chromosomal material would hardly be expected provided the chromosome number were determined by the nature of the cell. 18. This is precisely the result, one would expect on the basis of chromosomal segregation during gametogenesis provided the genes in question resided on different chromosomes. 19. No such degree of differentiation and specialization of tissues as we see in higher organisms could be attained, were it not for adequate means of keeping various parts fully correlated in action.

Exercise 2. Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

1. If the machine stop/will stop, you press/will press this button.

2. I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats/will treat/treated me like that, I am/will be/would be extremely angry!

3. If you help/helped me with this exercise, I will/would do the same for you one day.

4. According to the timetable, if the train leaves/left on time, we will/would arrive at 5.30.

5. If it is/will be fine tomorrow, we go/will go to the coast.

6. If we find/found a taxi, we will get/would get there before the play starts.

7. It’s quite simple really. If you take/will take/took these tablets every day, then you lose/will lose/lost/would lose weight.

8. I don’t like this flat. I think I am/I will be/I’d be happier if I live/will live/would live/lived in a house in the country.

9. I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will do/did, I play/will play/would play a lot better than anyone in this awful team!

10. If I phone/will phone/phoned you tonight, are you/will you be/would you be in?

11. Why didn’t you tell me? If you told/had told me, I had helped/would have helped you.

12. If Bill didn’t steal/hadn’t stolen the car, he wasn’t/wouldn’t be/hadn’t been in prison now.

13. If Ann wasn’t driving/didn’t drive/hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash/wouldn’t crash/wouldn’t have crashed into a tree.

14. Let me give you some advice. If you smoked/would smoke/had smoked less, you didn’t feel/wouldn’t feel/wouldn’t have felt so tired.

15. What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall/hadn’t fallen/wouldn’t fall over, he won/would win/would have won the race.

16. If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come.

17. I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/had noticed/would have noticed it.

18. We have a suggestion to make. How do you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered you the job of assistant manager?

19. If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week.

20. Terry never catches anything when he goes fishing. And if he catches/caught/had caught a fish, he throws/would throw it back!

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the necessary form.

1. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 2. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better. 3. If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 4. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 5. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 6. If they (to know) it before, they would have taken measures. 7. If I (to get) this book, I shall be happy. 8. If you really loved music, you (to go) to the Philharmonic much more often. 9. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to miss) the train. 10. If you (not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time. 11. You (not to miss) the teacher’s explanation if you had arrived in time. 12. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teacher's explanation. 13. If you (to understand) the rule, you would have written the test paper successfully. 14. If you had written the test paper successfully, you (not to get) an unsatisfactory mark. 15. Your mother (not to scold) you if you had not got an unsatisfactory mark. 16. If your mother (not to scold) you, you would have felt happier.

Exercise 4. Use the verbs in appropriate forms.

1. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 2. If you (to be) a poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 3. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 4. If he (to come) to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 5. If he (not to pass) his examination, he will not get a scholarship. 6. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in a very difficult situation. 7. My father would have more free time if he (not to read) so many newspapers. 8. If only you had let me know, I (to go) there immediately. 9. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea. 10. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 11. My brother would not have missed so many lessons if he (not to hurt) his leg. 12. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 13. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 14. If she (to return) earlier, she would have been able to see him before he left. 15. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them.

Exercise 5. Use the verbs in brackets in the necessary forms.

1. I should be very glad if he (to come) to my place. 2. If he (to live) in St. Petersburg, he would go to the Hermitage every week. 3. If you (to go) to the theatre with us last week, you would have enjoyed the evening. 4. You won’t understand the rule if you (not to listen) to the teacher. 5. If he weren’t such a bookworm, he (not to spend) so much time sitting in the library. 6. I should not have bought the car if my friend (not to lend) me money. 7. If he did not live in St. Petersburg, we (not to meet) so often. 8. If he had warned me, I (to do) the work in time. 9. If my brother (to be) in trouble, I shall help him, of course. 10. If I don’t manage to finish my report today, I (to stay) at home tomorrow. 11. If she were more careful about her diet, she (not to be) so stout. 12. You would not feel so bad if you (not to smoke) too much. 13. If he (to learn) the poem, he would not have got a bad mark. 14. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I (to translate) this text. 15. If I (to be) a musician, I should be very happy. 16. If Barbara (to get) up at half past eight, she would have been late for school. 17. If you had not put the cup on the edge of the table, it (not to get) broken.

Exercise 6. Change the sentences using Conditionals.

1. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you were in trouble. If ... 2. You left the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If ... 3. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If ... 4. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If ... 5. Why didn’t you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If ... 6. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If ... 7. The travellers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If ... 8. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If ... 9. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If ... 10. He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not acquainted with him. If ... 11. You cannot enjoy this merry evening party because you have toothache. If ... 12. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that’s why you always make many mistakes. If ... 13. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If ... 14. Naturally she was angry because you were in her way. If ...

Exercise 7. Change the sentences and use Conditionals.

1. Не always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If ... 2. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If ... 3. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If ... 4. The box was so heavy that I could not carry it. That’s why I took a taxi. If ... 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If ... 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If ... 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If ... 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If ... 9. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If ... 10. It is late, and I have to go home. If ... 11. I was expecting my friend to come, that’s why I could not go to the cinema with you. If ... 12. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If ... 13. He is busy and does not come to see us. If ... 14. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If ... 15. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If ... 16. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If ...

Exercise 8. Make up conditional sentences. Don't forget about the mixed type of Conditionals.

1. Не is not a first-class sportsman now because he did not train enough last year. If ... 2. The pupils did not understand the homework because they were inattentive. If ... 3. The pupils worked hard and did well in their examinations. If ... 4. She won’t try to enter the foreign languages department because she is not good at foreign languages. If ... 5. I shall go to the dentist because I have a toothache. If ... 6. He is groaning with pain now because he did not go to the dentist to have his tooth filled. If ... 7. She does not go to the polyclinic because she does not need any treatment. If ... 8. He will not go to see the play as he was present at the dress rehearsal. If ... 9. He went to Moscow specially to hear this famous singer because he is fond of him. If ... 10. We did not go to the refreshment room to have a glass of lemonade because we were not thirsty. If ... 11. She could not mend her dress herself because she had no needle. If ...

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Вы бы улучшили свой английский, если бы больше работали. 2. Если бы вы не помогали друг другу, вы бы не добились таких успехов. 3. Если бы я знала ее адрес, я бы сообщила ей об этом раньше. 4. Если бы не предстоящие экзамены, мы поехали бы сейчас за город. 5. Если бы вы выучили все правила, вы могли бы сейчас писать контрольную работу. 6. Я бы с удовольствием съездила в Москву, если бы не была там летом. 7. Она не обратилась бы к брату за помощью, если бы он не владел так хорошо английским языком. 8. Было бы хорошо, если бы вы приняли участие в сегодняшнем собрании. 9. Будь она более внимательной, когда писала диктант, она не получила бы за него “три”. 10. Если бы вы пришли пораньше, у нас тоже были бы билеты. 11. Будь она умна, она никогда бы не отказалась от этой роли. 12. Спектакль был интересный, но я получила бы истинное наслаждение, если бы в заглавной партии пел Атлантов. 13. Девушка не была бы так расстроена, если бы не последнее письмо брата. 14. Если бы не дождь, мы бы пошли сейчас кататься на лодке.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Если бы он был умнее, он бы не пошел вчера в лес. 2. Если бы она не прислала вчера это письмо, мой брат был бы сейчас дома. 3. Чтобы мы сейчас делали, если бы мама не испекла вчера пирог? 4. Я уверен, что все были бы рады, если бы вечер состоялся. 5. Он так изменился! Если бы вы его встретили, вы бы его не узнали. 6. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы посоветовался с родителями. 7. Если бы сейчас подошел трамвай, мы бы не опоздали. 8. Если бы он знал, что это вас расстроит, он был бы осторожнее. 9. Если бы вы мне помогли решить эту задачу, я был бы вам очень благодарен. 10. Если бы мы больше работали, мы бы лучше знали язык. 11. Если бы он не посещал регулярно спортивные тренировки, он не добился бы такого успеха на состязаниях. 12. Если бы ты предупредил меня заранее, я бы уже был в Москве. 13. Если бы ты позвонил раньше, она была бы сейчас здесь.

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

1. Если бы я знал французский, я бы уже давно поговорил с ней. 2. Если бы я знал немецкий язык, я бы читал Гете в оригинале. 3. Если бы я жил близко, я бы чаще заходил к вам. 4. Если бы вы не прервали нас вчера, мы бы закончили работу в срок. 5. Если бы он не следовал советам врача, он бы не поправился так быстро. 6. Если бы он не был талантливым художником, его картину не приняли бы на выставку. 7. Если бы вы тогда послушались моего совета, вы бы не были сейчас в таком затруднительном положении. 8. Если бы я не был так занят в эти дни, я бы помог тебе вчера. 9. Вы бы много знали, если бы регулярно читали этот журнал. 10. Если бы я узнала об этом раньше, то не сидела бы сейчас дома. 11. Если бы мои родители были богаты, они бы уже давно купили мне машину.