60. Calculate your bmi
Calculating BMI: An Introduction
Body mass index (BMI) is an indirect measure of a person's body fat. The formula is the same for adults and children, as well as with different genders and ethnicity. However, the BMI formula does differ slightly depending on whether you are using the metric system or the English system.
How to Calculate BMI Using the Metric System
If you're using the metric system, you can learn how to calculate BMI by using the following formula:
Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (weight (kg) / [height (m)]2).
Since height is commonly measured in centimeters, divide height in centimeters by 100 to obtain height in meters. An example of calculating BMI using the formula: Height = 165 cm (1.65 m), Weight = 68 kg
BMI Calculation: 68 ÷ (1.65)2 = 24.98
66. Draw a diagram of the structure of neutrophils
Describe cellular components and functions.
Neutrophils consist of a 2-5 lobed nucleus joined together by hair like filaments. They have small golgi apparatus and mitochondria, with a small number of ribosomes and no rough endoplasmic reticulum. Neutrophils move in amoeboid motion by extending their pseudopodium that draws the nucleus and the rear of the cell forward. Neutrophils have two types of stored antibiotic proteins:
• The primary (azurophilic) granules: these granules are lysosomal. They consist of acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase and muramidase (lysozymes).
• The secondary (specific) granules: these granules are more specific to neutrophils and they contain lactoferrin and lysozyme.
The ingested microbe inside the vacuoles is called a phagosome and will fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes where the microbe will be destroyed.
72. C3,c4 and cam light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
The two sets of reaction in photosynthesis are light reactions and ‘light independent’ reactions.
Light Reactions- light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules and is used indirectly to power the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, a high energy compound). Simultaneously, water is split into oxygen gas and hydrogen atoms (electrons and protons). The electrons are accepted by NADP+ and H+ producing NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, also a high energy compound).
Light Independent Reactions, also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle (are sometimes called the "dark reactions", though they can occur in light or dark)- Sugars are synthesized from CO2 and the hydrogen carried by NADPH. This process is powered by the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. The sugars/carbohydrates produced in this reaction can then be used for longer-term energy storage.
C3, C4, CAM: In C3 photosynthesis carbon dioxide is reduced and the carbon dioxide acceptor is regenerated. C3 is the typical photosynthesis that most plants use. C3 is more efficient than C4 and CAM plants under cool and moist conditions and under normal light because it requires fewer enzymes and no specialized anatomy. C3 plants tend to have less water use efficiency, and grow where water is less limiting relative to C4 and CAM plants. C4 and CAM photosynthesis are both adaptations to arid conditions that result in better water use efficiency.
C4 pathway- Includes C3 AND C4 pathway, but as a solution to photorespiration, the anatomy of the leaves in C4 plants establishes a spatial separation between C3 and C4 pathways. They tend to have a greater water use efficiency, and grow where water is more limiting relative to C3 plants. Most grasses are C4 plants.
CAM pathway (Crassulacean acid metabolism)- Use C3 and C4 pathways, but instead of a spatial separation between the two (as in C4 pathway), there is a temporal separation (separation in time) where their stomata close during the day, reducing water loss. They fix CO2 in the dark. This is advantageous in conditions of high light intensity and where water is limiting, as in the desert where most CAM plants live. In CAM, CO2 is fixed at night and then, during the daytime, the fixed CO2 is transferred to theCalvin cycle within the same cell. CAM plants have better water use efficiency than C3 and C4 plants under arid conditions because they open their stomata at night when transpiration rates are lower (no sunlight, lower temperatures, lower wind speeds, etc.). Characteristic of most succulent plants, like cacti. ALL USE C3 pathway!