Билет 11

Young people at 16 have several options: l)stay on at school until 18 to obtain the necessary qualifications for entry to higher education or certain caress, professions. 2)to leave school but to continue full-time education in different further education institutions: the polytechnics, colleges of further education, of technology, of commerce, art, agricultural colleges, drama schools, art schools— All they have links with local industry £ commerce. British universities are independent, autonomous, self-governing institutions created from former polytechnics under the education reform Act 1988 & Further £ Higher education Act 1992. They are financially supported by the state, the Department of Education & Science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations, appointment of staff...

3 groups;

l)The Oxford, the Cambridge, the elder Scottish universities of St Andrew, Glasgow. Aberdeen £ Edinburgh. Oxford is older, more philosophical, classical, theological. Cambridge is more scientifically based. Both are like a federation of colleges, dominated British education for 7 hundred years.

2)The universities in Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Nottingham, Sheffield. The University of London the largest conventional university, established by the union of 2 colleges; University College £ King's College, has many different faculties & departments.

3)The new universities were founded after the 2nd World War, became popular because of their modern approach to university courses. Keele University(1948), 1961- in East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Lancaster, Sussex, Warwick, York. The traditional faculty structure there has been avoided to prevent overspecialization. Polytechnics are centres for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects, take part-time students & serve as comprehensives of further education, take full-time students- their work is of university level (it's the higher education sector within further education) . The Open University(1969) created by the Labour Government to cater for people who hadn't had a chance to enter any other university, those above normal student age(21 & over). No formal academic qualification are required for entry, distance learning. It's a non-residential university, includes work with part-time tutors. The time of staying here is unlimited. Admission to universities is by examination or interviews. Applications are sent to the Universities & Colleges Admission Services(UCAS)- acts as clearing house & info-centre. You can list up to 5 universities or colleges.

Билет 12.

Today Britain is no longer the leading industrial nation of the world, which it was during the last century. Today Britain is 5th in size of its gross domestic product(GDP).Britain's share in world trade is about 6%, which means that she is also the 5th largest trading nation in the world. Trade with the countries of the European Union, Commonwealth countries.

British economy based on private enterprise. The policy of the government is aimed at encouraging & expanding the private sector. Result: 751 of the economy is controlled by the private sector which employs 3/4of the labour force. Less than 2% of working population is engaged in agriculture. Due to large-scale mechanization productivity in agriculture is very high: it supplies nearly 2/3 of the countries food. The general location of industry: 80% _Of industrial production –England. In Wales, Scotland & Northem Ireland level of industry is lower than in England. This gap between England & the outlying regions increased because of the decline of the traditional industries, which are heavily concentrating in Wales, N.Ireland, Scotland. GB may be divided into 8 economic regions: 1) the South industrial & agricultural region 2}the Midlands 3)Lancashire 4)Yorkshire 5)the North 6)Scotland 7) Wales & Northern Ireland

SCOTLAND S. is divided into 3 parts: the Scottish Highlands occupies the mountain area in the northern part of the country, the Southern Uplands, covers lower hill area in he south £ the Central Lowlands occupying the wide valley which separates the other two areas.

The Central Lowlands- industrial heart of Scotland. Glasgow- seaport(trade with North America). Textile and clothing production is important, food products, furniture(office equipment are manufactured, (blending at Scotch whisky. Edinburgh -textile,paper manufacture, printing and publishing. Aberdeen -North sea oil; fishing industry. The natural conditions of Scotland have affected agriculture. The Central Lowlands -suited for canning, arable farming -in the east { barley, oats and wheat). In the Southern Uplands - sheep raising.

NORTHERN IRELAND

N.Ireland has one of the largest concentrations of man-made fibre production in Western Europe. Textile manufacture -in Belfast. The manufacture of clothing and footwear is .developed. Londonderry specializes in the manufacture of shirts. Belfast -the province's main port. Belfast - textile manufacture, shipbuilding, aircraft production, electrical engineering & food processing.

THE MIDLANDS

Situated in the centre of GB between the South region and Lancashire&Yorkshire. Leading industrial region. Engineering& finishing of metals. Often is called the Black Country due to its mass industrialization. Birmingham -tradition of making guns. Famous articles in gold & silver. Producer of consumer goods. Coventry - motor industry. Wolver Hampton - heavy engineering, tyre production. Leicester & Nottingham - the knitwear

Industry & manufacture of knitting machines. Derby-important railway engineering centre. In the south-west -the Potteries, famous for its pottery and ceramics industry. Much of the region under grass. Dairy cattle -in the wetter west, beef cattle in the drier east. Sheep breeding. Principal crops -wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beet. Gardening.

LANCASHIRE

2 major centres: Mersevside (centre-Liverpool):chemical industry, motor car industry) £ Greater Manchester (Manchester - general engineering,) Due to extensive industrial development agriculture is less developed.

YORKSHIRE

Situated to the east of the Pennine mountains. 3 main industrial centres: Sheffield - a wide range of steel goods besides cutlery; Leeds - manufacture of cloathing, engineering); Scunthorpe - steel industry. Agriculture: sheep grazing on. the rough, pastures of area.

THE NORTH

2 main centres: 1-in the north-east near the rivers Tyne, Hear and Tees (Newcaatle-upon-Tyne); 2-in the north-west in Cumberland (Workington, Whitehaven). Most important is the North -East (electrical engineerings engineering connected with construction work for the production of North Sea oil). Industrial development in the North-West is less extensive than in the North-East. Abundance of water- building a nuclear power station, which needs plenty of water for cooling. Agriculture is affected by the wet climate. Sheep grazing. In the North-East --more beef cattle than dairy cattle.

THE SOUTH ECONOMIC REGION

The most important region in terms of Industry & agriculture. Includes: all the South of England, both the South-East & theSouth-West. London -centre of everything. Clothing, furniture-makings jewellery. London's industries-.electrical engineering/ instrument production, radio engineering, aircraft production, the motor-ear industry. London -centre of the service industries, tourism.

OXFORD: educational centre; a large motor works were built in its suburb.

CAMBRIDGE: its industries connected with electronics & printing.

LUTON: a major centre of car production. The Thames valley is an area of concentration of electronic engineering, microelectronics-"the sunrise strip". The South -major agricultural region of GB. Agricultural Specialization is different in:-South West(the main farming activity -dairying);-South East(cereals).

WALES

South Hales -main area of industrial activity, centre for consumer & office electronics, automotive components, chemical & materials, aerospace, manufacture of optical(electrical equipment. Tourism. Cardiff (coalmining & iron industry). North Hales is mountainous and industrialization has had little effect here. Sheep raising is the main occupation of the population.