Immune polyarteritis & meningoencephalitis
Young dogs
Profound polyarteritis, meningitis, suppurative CSF
Beagle pain syndrome
May wax & wane, steroid responsive - variable prognosis - dependent on how rapidly diagnosed
CAPRINE ARTHRITIS ENCPHALITIS
Multisystemic lentivirus infection
Demyelinating encephalitis, polyarthritis, pneumonitis, mastitis
Primary spread via milk
Neurologic form in kids (2-4 mo of age)
Acute, rapidly progressive
CSF abnormal
81% of goats in endemic areas have infection, clinical disease uncommon.
Transmissible Spongioform Encephalopathies:
Scrapie, Mink encephalopathy, BSE, Chronic Wasting Disease, Human Spongioform encephalopathies.
Prolonged incubations, poorly understood epidemiology
Progressive cerebral dysfunction
Spongioform associated fibrils in axons
TME
Haemophilus somnus infections, gram-negative coccobacilluls
Acute - peracute septicemia
Typically yearlings, typically early winter
Primarily cerebral, so differentials include polioencephalomalacia and lead toxicity
CSF - pyogenic changes
EQUINE VIRAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Eastern, western, venezuelan
Alphaviruses, transmitted by insects, primarily mosquitos
Systemic signs - may be mild - not all develop CNS signs
Cerebral disease
EE and VE more likely to be peracute, WE more likely to be subacute
Spinal Cord - Table 1
|
Spinal Cord Diseases - Clinical Appearance | |||||
|
|
|
Focal Injuries* |
Diffuse Disorders | ||
|
|
|
Meninges |
White Matter |
Grey Matter** | |
|
General Observations |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mentation |
WNL |
± WNL |
WNL |
WNL |
|
|
Abnormal Gait |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
|
Pain |
Y/N |
Y |
N |
N |
|
Gait/Stance/Posture |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Postural Reactions |
|
± |
|
|
|
|
Gait Ataxia |
Y |
No |
Y |
Y |
|
|
Strength |
|
WNL |
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve Exam |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Horner's |
± |
No |
No |
± |
|
|
Other CN deficits |
No |
No |
No |
No |
|
Spinal Reflexes |
Abn |
Abn |
Abn |
Abn | |
|
|
Thoracic Limb |
*** |
*** |
|
|
|
|
Pelvic Limb |
*** |
*** |
|
|
|
Sensory Exam |
± Abn |
Abn |
± WNL |
± WNL | |
* Focal injuries are generally mixed, i.e. there is both grey and white matter involvement.
See Spinal Cord table 2 for additional details on neural exam changes.
**Diffuse grey matter injuries typically cannot be distinguished from diffuse LMN disorders, e.g.
polyneuritis; so are often classified with the diffuse Motor Unit Diseases.
***Which reflexes are abnormal will depend on the specific location of the injury; see table 2
for more details.
KEY: No, no abnormalities; Abn, Abnormal; Y, yes; WNL, Within Normal Limits
Spinal Cord - Table 2
|
Spinal Cord Disorders - Clinical Appearance* | |||||||||
|
|
|
C1-C5 |
C6-T2 |
T3-L3 |
L4-S3 | ||||
|
|
|
Thoracic Limbs |
Pelvic Limbs |
Thoracic Limbs |
Pelvic Limbs |
Thoracic Limbs |
Pelvic Limbs |
Thoracic Limbs |
Pelvic Limbs |
|
General Observations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Ataxia |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Nml |
Y |
Nml |
Y |
|
|
Weakness |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Nml |
Y |
Nml |
Y |
|
|
Pain |
Neck Pain |
Neck Pain |
Back Pain |
Back Pain | ||||
|
|
Abnormal Posture |
Arched/Dropped Neck |
Arched/Dropped Neck |
Arched Back |
Arched Back | ||||
|
Gait/Stance/Posture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Postural Reactions |
|
|
|
|
Nml |
|
Nml |
|
|
|
Strength |
|
|
|
|
Nml |
|
Nml |
|
|
|
Gait Coordination |
|
|
|
|
Nml |
|
Nml |
|
|
Cranial Nerve Deficits |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Horner's Syndrome |
Y |
Y |
N |
N | ||||
|
Spinal Reflexes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Tendon Reflexes |
|
|
|
|
Nml |
|
Nml |
|
|
|
Crossed Extensors |
Y |
Y |
No |
Y |
No |
Y |
No |
No |
|
Sensory Evaluation |
Neck Pain |
Neck Pain |
Back Pain |
Back Pain
| |||||
* Not all signs are seen in all patients, these are representative of the most
commonly seen signs