- •1. The axiom about the potential dangers of man-made factors
- •2. Classification of hazardous substances.
- •3. Maximum permissible concentrations, emissions, exposure levels
- •4. Physical hazards and their characteristics
- •5. The permissible levels of harmful substances
- •6. Environmental Passport of an industrial enterprise.
- •7. Environmental Assessment. Basic principles of the environmental impact assessment.
- •8. The Law of the rk "On Ecological Assessment". Two types of environmental impact assessment
- •10. Lesions. Classification based on the degree of human exposure to hts.
- •11. Effect of contaminants on human health (acute and chronic intoxication). Prevention of occupational poisoning.
- •12. Characteristics of hazardous substances used in production (ammonia, chlorine etc.). Actions in case of accidents.
- •13. The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons (bw).
- •14. Types and basic properties of bw (bacteria, viruses, rickets, fungi).
- •15. Diseases caused by biological agents and toxins (anthrax, meliodiosis, glanders, botulism).
- •16. Preventive measures at the sign of use of bacteriological agents.
- •17. Rules of conduct and actions of people at the foci of bacteriological destruction
- •18. The measures of prevention: Quarantine and observation. Disinfection and disinsection
- •19. Methods and means of application of bacterial agents.
- •20. Bw facilities developed on the territory of the Kazakhstan for the open-air testing and production of bw agents.
- •21. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (10 April 1972).
- •22. Protocol Obligations:The Geneva Protocol prohibits the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare. (17 June 1925 France)
- •23. General characteristics of nuclear and radiological weapons
- •24. Main factors of nuclear explosion. Characteristics, effects, and impact on human health.
- •25. Medico-tactical characteristics of foci of nuclear damage
- •26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
- •27. Radioactive contamination
- •28. Kazakstan’s nuclear background
- •29. Kazakhstan’s International legislation on Nuclear Weapons.
- •30. The Law of the rk “On National Security”.
- •31. The principles of national security. The national interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- •32. The goals and objectives of national security. Threats to Kazakhstan’s national security.
- •33. The concept of national security of Kazakhstan.
- •34. Non military tools of national security.
- •35. The challenges and threats posed by globalization. Globalization in the economic, political, social, cultural spheres.
- •36. Global Problems of Mankind. The problem of technological security.
- •37. The ways out of the global crisis - the transition to sustainable development.
- •38. Problems of post-industrial society. Technological problems.
- •39. Globalization in Kazakhstan (negative factors and benefits)
- •40.The law the Republic of Kazakhstan “On combating terrorism”
- •41. Basic principles in the fight against terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan are:
- •43. The purpose of the legal regulation of combat against terrorism in Kazakhstan is:
13. The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons (bw).
Biological warfare (BW) — also known as germ warfare — is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons are living organisms or replicating viruses that reproduce or replicate within their host victims.
BW may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threats or by actual deployments. BW may also be useful as area denial weapons. These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups.
14. Types and basic properties of bw (bacteria, viruses, rickets, fungi).
Type of BW:
• to infect people: agents of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera);
agents of viral diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis of horses);
• agents of rickettsiae diseases (typhus); fungal pathogens (histoplasmosis);
• for damage to animals: FMD agent, rinderpest, swine fever, anthrax, glanders;
• for the destruction of plants: cereal rust pathogens, potato late blight.
Pathogenic microorganisms are causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals, which, depending on the size of their structure and biological properties, are divided into the following classes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, spirochetes and protozoa. The last two classes of microorganisms are of no importance as biological weapons of destruction.
Basic properties of BW:
Bacteria - single-celled microorganisms which are very diverse in their forms. The main forms of bacteria are: staphylococci, diplococcus, streptococcus, bacillus, vibrions, spirillum.
Viruses – an extensive group of microorganisms with a size from 0,08 to 0,35 micron. They can live and reproduce only in living cells by using the biosynthetic machinery of the host cell, i.e. are intracellular parasites
Rickettsiae - a group of microorganisms, which occupies an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses. Their sizes - from 0,3 to 0,5 microns.
Fungi - one- or multi-cellular organisms of vegetable origin. Their sizes varies from 3 to 50 microns or more.
15. Diseases caused by biological agents and toxins (anthrax, meliodiosis, glanders, botulism).
Anthrax – is general acute infectious disease of domestic animals and humans. The disease in humans is characterized by high temperature and the formation of specific carbuncles on the skin and mucous membranes, or the development of inflammatory changes in the lungs or intestine with symptoms of bleeding. The causative agent of anthrax – is a large bacillus, growing well in simple nutrient media.
Meliodiosis – is an infectious diseases of humans and rodents, similar to glanders. The causative agent, for the similarity with the bacterium glanders is called false glanders . Meliodiosis – is a little-known disease that occurs in South-East Asia. Human infection occurs by eating food and water contaminated with secretions of infected rodent. As in glanders, the disease can enter the body through broken skin and mucous membranes of eyes, nose, etc.
Glanders is a chronic disease of horses, rarely of camels, cats and people, caused by the bacteria of glanders. Symptoms: specific nodes, and then ulcers in the respiratory organs and skin. Infection occurs through contact with sick animals. Infected animals should be destroyed. In our country, glanders has been eradicated long ago, but there is a danger of its use as biological weapons.
Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, which is one of the most powerful poisons known at present. Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, broken skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period-from 2 hours to few days.