- •1. The axiom about the potential dangers of man-made factors
- •2. Classification of hazardous substances.
- •3. Maximum permissible concentrations, emissions, exposure levels
- •4. Physical hazards and their characteristics
- •5. The permissible levels of harmful substances
- •6. Environmental Passport of an industrial enterprise.
- •7. Environmental Assessment. Basic principles of the environmental impact assessment.
- •8. The Law of the rk "On Ecological Assessment". Two types of environmental impact assessment
- •10. Lesions. Classification based on the degree of human exposure to hts.
- •11. Effect of contaminants on human health (acute and chronic intoxication). Prevention of occupational poisoning.
- •12. Characteristics of hazardous substances used in production (ammonia, chlorine etc.). Actions in case of accidents.
- •13. The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons (bw).
- •14. Types and basic properties of bw (bacteria, viruses, rickets, fungi).
- •15. Diseases caused by biological agents and toxins (anthrax, meliodiosis, glanders, botulism).
- •16. Preventive measures at the sign of use of bacteriological agents.
- •17. Rules of conduct and actions of people at the foci of bacteriological destruction
- •18. The measures of prevention: Quarantine and observation. Disinfection and disinsection
- •19. Methods and means of application of bacterial agents.
- •20. Bw facilities developed on the territory of the Kazakhstan for the open-air testing and production of bw agents.
- •21. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (10 April 1972).
- •22. Protocol Obligations:The Geneva Protocol prohibits the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare. (17 June 1925 France)
- •23. General characteristics of nuclear and radiological weapons
- •24. Main factors of nuclear explosion. Characteristics, effects, and impact on human health.
- •25. Medico-tactical characteristics of foci of nuclear damage
- •26. Acute radiation sickness. Radiation sickness of 1-4 degrees. Chronic radiation sickness.
- •27. Radioactive contamination
- •28. Kazakstan’s nuclear background
- •29. Kazakhstan’s International legislation on Nuclear Weapons.
- •30. The Law of the rk “On National Security”.
- •31. The principles of national security. The national interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
- •32. The goals and objectives of national security. Threats to Kazakhstan’s national security.
- •33. The concept of national security of Kazakhstan.
- •34. Non military tools of national security.
- •35. The challenges and threats posed by globalization. Globalization in the economic, political, social, cultural spheres.
- •36. Global Problems of Mankind. The problem of technological security.
- •37. The ways out of the global crisis - the transition to sustainable development.
- •38. Problems of post-industrial society. Technological problems.
- •39. Globalization in Kazakhstan (negative factors and benefits)
- •40.The law the Republic of Kazakhstan “On combating terrorism”
- •41. Basic principles in the fight against terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan are:
- •43. The purpose of the legal regulation of combat against terrorism in Kazakhstan is:
1. The axiom about the potential dangers of man-made factors
Theoretically, the impact of harmful man-made factors can be eliminated completely or restricted to an acceptable risk by improving the sources of hazards and by the use of protective properties. In all cases, the manifestation of dangerous sources of the technosphere is emissions, discharges, waste, energy fields and radiation. The identity of sources of exposure in all areas of the technosphere allows create common approaches and solutions.
Solving these problems requires the implementation of the following programs:
1. Assignment of maximum permissible exposure levels for different sources and in general for the technosphere;
2. Environmental impact assessment (Экологическая экспертиза ) of proposed implementation of business decisions;
3. Environmental certification (Экологическая паспортизация) of companies (of sources of exposure).
2. Classification of hazardous substances.
Hazardous substances - substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion
Classification of hazardous substances on the nature of impacts on human health.
Chemical harmful factors on the nature of their affect on human organism are divided into the following subgroups: general toxic, irritating, sensitizing , carcinogenic , mutagenic.
This group includes many fumes and gases: fumes of benzene and toluene, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, aerosols of lead, etc., toxic dusts produced, for instance, when cutting beryllium, lead bronze and brass and some plastics with harmful fillers.
This group includes aggressive liquids (acids, alkalis), which can cause chemical burns of the skin in contact with them.
On the degree of influence on the human organism harmful substances are divided into four classes of danger: 1st - extremely hazardous substances; 2nd - highly hazardous substances; 3rd - moderately hazardous substances; 4th - low-hazard substances.
3. Maximum permissible concentrations, emissions, exposure levels
The maximum permissible concentration( MPC) of hazards substances in the environment is defined as the maximum concentration of pollutants in the environment, assigned to a particular averaging period and the periodic exposure or throughout life, which does not cause harmful impact on humans and the environment in general.
The maximum permissible emissions is the amount of pollutants emitted per unit time, which in the aggregate of the emission sources of harmful substances on a particular region or locality does not create a concentration of these substances that exceed the standard set by MAC.
Standards of MACs are uniform throughout the RK and developed by th e Ministry of Health.
The Maximum permissible levels of noise, vibration magnetic fields and other adverse physical effects are developed and established by the health authorities of the republic and are measured in decibels.
The Maximum permissible levels of radiation for magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation , radiation are developed by the Ministry of Health and is measured in micro-roentgen per hour.
The Maximum permissible levels of chemical in agriculture-maximum norm for agrochemicals in agriculture and forestry determined with regard to pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical protection and stimulates plant growth.