Creole Languages
Pidgin has no speech community, for which it is a mother tongue. Since it is used by heterogeneous language social groups, it may be converted into a Creole language, a native one for their children.
Thus, if a pidgin becomes the mother tongue of a speech community, as has happened in Jamaica and Haiti, it is said to have become a CREOLE.
Creolization is a process by which one or more pidginized variants of a language are extended in domains of use and in the range of communicative and expressive functions they may serve. The pidginized variants are usually undergo “complication” and “expansion” of linguistic resources in the process of creolization. The term CREOLE, thus, may be used for any stable variety that results from the process. Inevitably, with the expansion if its functions beyond trading, a clreole language is structurally and lexically more complex than a pidgin.
Two types of Creoles, corresponding to two different types of socio-economic structures need to be distinguished.
Endogenous Creoles, arising from the contact of an indigenous population and an incoming European group whose activity was commercial rather than agricultural. These arouse within the area where the vernacular language of an indigenous population was used. For example, ‘lanzado’ communities appeared on the coast of West Africa and were formed by Portugese.
Exogenous Creoles, often insular,arising in geographical areas, from which none of the population groups originate. These creoles correspond to plantocrata society communities.
In communities where official or standard language may be a world language, like English or French, creoles are often socially stigmatized, and the processes of de-creolization may start.
In 1970s a notion of a CREOLE CONTINUUM was popularized. From BASILECT (the deepest creole – the broad regional accent) to ACROLECT (closest to the local standard). Between them one may find mesilect or paralect (an approximate acrolect).
E.g. Eye water = tears
Chip chip = the plural from ‘chips’
Non badi na go du nating = Nobody won’t do nothing (multiple negation is standard in creole Englsih).
Classical English
According the P. Bell, it is the language of masterpieces of the English literature and church. Its lack of vitality is compensated by its high status.
Artificial English
Artificial English has no speech or language community of its own but possesses a codified norm of usage. It was elaborated by Ogden, and it embraces 850 lexical units including many phrasal verbs. It’s much less popular than Esperanto.
X-ized English
X-ized English is one of the most interesting and less studies varieties of English. The term was introduced by D. Hymes for naming non-reduced varieties of English, for instance Indinized English, Japanized English etc.
X-ized English is a language heavily influence by another language but utilized for normal purpose in a particular community as either first or a second language.