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Introduction

ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH TERRITORY:

• A central issue in … is….

• It is now generally accepted that …

• Recently, there has been an increase of interest in…

• Many recent studies have focused on …

• The … has been extensively studied in recent years.

• Hotly debated (burning) issue…

PRESENTING THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH:

• In this paper (study), we present (report on, discuss) …

• This study (paper) examines (analyses, focuses on, expands, explores).

• Place importance on

• An integral part of

• … shed light…

• Area (field) of inquiry …

Methods

• The study is based on…

• …is examined (analyzed)…

• …in the measurement of…

Expressing the Authority

• Based on the concept of …

• According to the law of …

• Using the theory of …

• Based on the evidence obtained in this investigation …

• In our judgment, …

• Out interpretation of the evidence is that …

• This accepted concept leads us to believe that …

• Logical and consistent reasoning suggest that …

Expressing the Degree of Certainty

• Based upon the limited evidence gathered, …

• Without full control of all variables …

• The experiment needs to be replicated by another group but …

• Careful control of all known variables suggest …

• Accepting that all knowledge is uncertain, …

• The accuracy as a percent difference is …

• Having a high degree of confidence in the evidence, it is appropriate to …

• In this correlational (not cause and effect) stud

Results

LOCATING THE DATA:

• As we can see from the data…

• As demonstrated by the graph,..

• As shown by the data, …

• As it has been proved in Chapter 1, …

• To draw conclusions …

• … lay emphasis / the foundation / basis

DICUSSING THE DATA:

• The data clarify the relationship between…

• Comparison of the data obtained has made it possible to…

• When comparing … the similarity between …it is evident that…

• Contrary to accepted, modern belief …

• This contrast sharply with…

• The main difference between …was the fact that …

Discussion

• The results showed that…

• This result is consistent…