28. What are the physiological functions of each respiratory organ?

Respiration begins when oxygen enters into the body through the nose and the mouth. The oxygen then travels through the trachea and pharynx where the trachea divides into two bronchi. Here the bronchi are divided into bronchial tubes, in the chest cavity, so air can be directly moved into the lungs.

Nose

The nose is the primary upper respiratory organ in which air enters into and exits from the body. mucus of the nasal cavity protects body against the penetration of foreign substances and bacterias. In addition, air that passes through the nasal cavity is humidified and moistened.

Pharynx

Besides the nose, air can enter into the lungs through the mouth. The pharynx is a tubular structure, positioned behind the oral and nasal cavities, that allows air to pass from the mouth to the lungs

Larynx

From the pharynx, air enters into the larynx, commonly called the voice box. The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract that has two main functions: a passageway for air to enter into the lungs, and a source of vocalization

Bronchi

The bronchi allow the passage of air to the lungs. The trachea is made of c-shaped ringed cartilage that divides into the right and left bronchus. The right main bronchus is shorter and wider than the left main bronchus. The right bronchus is subdivided into three lobar bronchi, while the left one is divided into two lobar bronchi.

Lungs

The lungs are spongy, air-filled organs located on both sides of the chest cavity. The left lung is divided into a superior and inferior lobe, and the right lung is subdivided into a superior, middle, and inferior lobe. Pleura, a thin layer of tissue, which protects lungs against complete contracting. Respiration is the primary function of the lungs, which includes the transfer of oxygen found in the atmosphere into the blood stream and the release of carbon dioxide into the air.

Alveoli

The average adult has about 600 million alveoli, which are tiny grape-like sacs at the end of the respiratory tree. Alveoli constitute the bulk of the lung tissue, are thin-walled structures enveloped by a reach network of capillaries.

Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a muscular structure located between the thoracic and abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm causes the chest or thorax cavity to expand, which occurs during inhalation. During exhalation, the release of the diaphragm causes the chest or thorax cavity to contract.

29. What is respiration? What types of respiration do you know? Define them.

Respiration is a term used to describe 2 different but interrelated processes: cellular respiration and mechanical respiration. Cellular respiration – is the process in which cells derive energy by dehydration of organic molecules. Mechanical respiration is the process by which oxygen required for cellular respiration is absorbed from the atmosphere into the blood vascular system and the process by which carbon dioxide is excreted into the atmosphere.

30. What diseases of respiratory tract do you know? Describe each disease.

There are a lot of diseases of respiratory system which can be caused by different etiological agents. For example:

pulmonary emphysema (chronic lung disease which occurs when the alveolar walls are destroyed along with the capillary blood vessels that run within them. This decrease of the total area within the lung where blood and air can come together, limiting the potential for oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer.)

Asthma – disease that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a multiplicity of stimuli.

Lung abscess – lesion of the lung parenchyma that contains purulent material.

Pneumothorax - is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space.

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases.

Cold, influenza

31. What are the respiratory diseases characterized by (symptoms & signs)?

The clinical manifestation of disease of respiratory tracts vary widely. But usually it is fever, cough, coryza, weakness, tiredness, loss of appetite, wheezing, shortness of breath????

32. What is the pulmonary emphysema?

pulmonary emphysema (chronic lung disease which occurs when the alveolar walls are destroyed along with the capillary blood vessels that run within them. This decrease of the total area within the lung where blood and air can come together, limiting the potential for oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer.) alveoli rupture – very big sacs (decrease air exchanging territory)

33. What can the pulmonary emphysema result from?

Emphysema is often seen at the advanced stage of chronic bronchitis, it is also associated with other factors, such as smoking (especially long term more then 10 years), asthma, and various respiratory and occupational diseases. In rare cases, emphysema develops as a result of a genetic mutation that leads to alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Some types of emphysema occur as a normal part of aging, and are commonly found in the oldest old (85 years of age and older).

34. What is the pulmonary emphysema usually associated with (symptoms & signs)?

The main symptoms of pulmonary emphysema is gradually increasing breathlessness during exercises, and the chest moves slowly and less easily then normal, producing a constricted feeling, cough. The patient feels generally unwell. Other symptoms may include:fatigue, anxiety, sleep problems, heart problems, weight loss, depression

35. What is the treatment for the pulmonary emphysema?

The only way of dealing with the condition is to treat the preceding disease before the emphysema develops. If emphysema is already present, treatment is directed toward preventing further lung damage, affected person should stop smoking, make sure that all respiratory infections receive medical treatment immediately, and perform breathing exercises to clear any mucus from the lungs. In severe cases people should take oxygen supplements before any physical exertion or sleep. Surgical treatment (severe)…

36. What is the asthma? What are its types and causes?

Asthma – disease that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a multiplicity of stimuli. Asthma is manifested by a widespread narrowing of the air passages which may be relived spontaneously or as a result of therapy. From the etiologic standpoint asthma is a heterogeneous disease. For epidemiologic and clinical purposes, it has proved useful to classify forms of asthma. But it is important to emphasize that the common cause of all asthma attacks is a hyperirritability of a tracheobronchial tree. So the classification is partly artificial. We can describe 2 types of asthma: allergic and idiosyncratic.

Allergic asthma is a result of an antigen\antibody reaction on cells in the respiratory tract. This reaction causes the release of inflammatory mediators from cells which result the clinical response associated with an asthma attack. Idiosyncratic asthma is a result of neurological imbalances in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which also cause narrowing of the air passages