FOREST MANAGEMENT

Statistics are highly suggestive - статистика несет смысловую нагрузку

To monitor enviroment processes to ... - следить, отслеживать

preserve

sustain сохранить

conserve

To be an eye open = revelation - открытие

to be fraught with dangerous consequences

Erosion of soil - эрозия почвы

To ancore - удерживать

Soil is blown away - выдувается

Erosion leads to desertification (no greenery) - эрозия ведет к опустыниванию

Lumbreting - рубка

Clear cutting - вырубка лесов

To cut down forests - вырубать

Financial and political leverage - финансовое и политическое регулирование

To obliterate - уничтожать

To be hunted at large - охотиться в дикой природе

Food chain is affected - нарушается цепь питания

Building hydroelectric stations - постройка ГЭС

To dry up - осушать

Pawning grounds

Irrigation - ирригация

Paddy - рисовое поле

Regeneration - восстановление

Evolution VS Extinction

To have an outing and leave garbage behind - выходить на природу и оставлять мусор за собой

To litter the forest with wastes - засорять леса отходами

To shed fur - линять

To destroy an ecosystem - уничтожить экосистему

To be totally wiped out - быть полностью уничтоженным

Decline - резкий спад

Survival of tropical species - выживание тропических животных

To use up resourses - использовать ресурсы

Irreversable / irrepairable damage - необраимый урон

ОСНОВНЫЕ ДЕРЕВЬЯ!!!

To eliminate

to suppress FIRE

to extinguish

Woodland - лесистая местность

Negligence (gross) - халатность (преступная)

Arson - поджог

Grasslands - луга

Lifestock - домашний сток

Short Circurt - короткое замыкание

Stubble field - женевье, невспаханное поле

Ignition - воспламенение

Silverculture - лесоводство

Horticulture - садоводство

Crownfires - верховые пожары

Global estimate

To suppress fire - бороться с огнем

To be affected by fire, to be burned - быть сожженным

Subsaharan Africa

Spreading of fires - распространение огня

Ambivolent role of fires

To meet land management goals

KINDS OF NEGATIVE IMPACT

Damage of human health

Loss of biological diversity

Release of carbodioxide

Greenhouse effect

Damage to recreational values

Natural fires

= Wild fires

- pit (торф)

-self-flamable (gnitians?)

MAN MALPRACTISE:

To be caused by human beings

Man-made

Human induced

Throwing of burning matches/sigarets

Lightning of fire

Agricultural activities: burning grass, landclearing (вырубка)

Hunting activities

Industrial development

Maintanance of grasslands for lifestock management

Contributing elements:

accumulation of fuel

fire meteorology

frought [draut]

arid area - засушливый

(humid, mild)

semi-arid

Agricultural burnings

Dry season

Fire-prone areas

Fire-subject

Fire-susseptible

Prevention measures:

to reduce or eliminate the potential fire outbreak

- law inforcement

- to educate the public: education campaigns

- fire-danger mapping (on daily basis)

to use meteorologialdata to eliminate the fire

spread of a potential fire

Effective fire suppression:

- fire breaks - полевая местность без леса

(-windbreak- лесозащитная полоса)

Resistant to

Tolerant of

Adapted to

To suppres fire easily

To eliminate fire as soon as possible

- Forest tele communications / stations

Suppression of fire: complex, dangerous, difficult, requires some special knowledge

to escape the fire outbreak

to stick simple rules:

- never throw burning sigaret-buds

- lightning of fire is acquired in speacial assighed areas

- to report instances of fire break

- to throw water/soil before the fire spreads

Fire preventing measures on a wide scale

Hoase - шланг (?)

plot-owners, residants of the countryside

TYPES OF FIRES

(different methods od suppression)

- Ground fire - низовой пожар

digging special trenches or firelines into the mineral soil layer

fire-extinguisher - огнетушитель

fire extinguishes itself

-

burn along the surfase, spread quickly

to suppress: special portable water-bags and palms are used

- Crownfires

the most dangerous fires, teh quickest

occur on the tops of trees

to suppress: extreme measures: calling for bombing with water and fire-retardant chemicals.

URBAN FORESTRY

Provide a range of economic benefits

BENEFITS:

1) Trees can improve local air

2) Enhansing of level of urban enviroment

3) Hospitable enviroment

4) Mitigating the adversary impacts of climat changing

5) Controlling erosion by stabilizing stip-slopes

ECONOMIC BENEFITS:

- Tree shade can cool houses in the summer time and preserve heats in the winter time

Provide cool impact, preserve the heat

- Enhance the level of human health and national well-being

- Overexposure to ultra-violet rays to INDUCE 'ADVERSARY IMPACT on skin, premature skin-ageing

Forest: badly-tended, not tended at all

RAINFORESTS

average amount of rainfalls

cover 6% of all teh earth surface

to produce oxygen

medicine:

- anasthetic to relax muscles

- treating malaria

LAYERS:

- emergent trees

small pointed leaves

shallow root system

- upper canapy

prevent from forming mildew

- lower canapy

little air movement

- understory

high humidity

- shrub layer

Plants:

to make adaptations

to get adapted

to shed water off

grooved - рефленый

pointed - острый

Polen - пыльца

Polinator - опылитель