II. Explain the italicised parts:

1. The years at secondary school may lead to GCSE. 2. The students can broaden their range by taking A- levels. 3. Many polytechnics have close links with business. 4. Good exam passes are not enough. 5. Com­petition for places at university is fierce. 6. The grant covers tuition fees. 7. They are called freshers.

III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1. You go on ahead, I'll soon catch ___ __ you.

2. Did the trip come _____ ____ your expectations?

3. Naomi doesn't really get ____ with Laura. They're always arguing.

4. If you hold ___ ___ the rope, you'll be perfectly safe.

5. Andy was walking so fast I couldn't keep ___ ___ him.

6. I'm not going to put ___ ___ this nonsense. /= tolerate/

7. We've run ___ ___ milk, I'm afraid. /= we have none left/

8. We need to cut ____ on our spending. /=reduce/

9. I'm looking ____ ____ the trip. /= thinking ahead with pleasure/

10. I can't make a promise and then go ___ ___ it. /= fail to keep/

IV. Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form.

Hugo: Hello, Simon. 1 /I don't see /I haven't seen/ you for ages.

Simon: Hello, Hugo. How are you?

Hugo: Fine, thanks. 2 /I just started /I've just started/ a new job as a car salesman. 3 /I started /I had started/ on Monday.

Simon: How many cars 4 /did you sell/ have you sold /?

Hugo: Well, none yet. Up to now 5 /I learn/I've been learning/ about the job. 6 /I think / I'm thinking /I'm going to like it.

Simon: 7/You had/You were having/ a sports car when you were at college, 8 /I remember /I'm remembering/.

Hugo: Yes, and I've still got it. 9 /I've had / I had / it for years. 10 /I love /I'm loving/ sports cars.

V. Which modals fit?

will should can ought to could must may have to might can

a) You ___________get your hair cut. It's much too long.

b) ____________I ask you a question?

c) Young children ___________be carried on this escalator.

d) You ________________ never get a seat on this train. It's always packed.

e) I ______________be studying Mandarin Chinese next year.

f) I _____________already speak five languages fluently.

g) You'll ___________work much harder if you want to pass.

h) It's Saturday night. There___________ be something good on TV.

i) You _____________leave your valuables in the hotel safe.

j) You _____________be over 1m 60 cm tall to be an air hostess.

VI. Write a paragraph about some outstanding educator without mentioning his/her name. Concentrate on basic principles of his/her theory and contribution into pedagogical science so that he/ she could be identified without error.

UNIT 13

I. Read the article and fill the gaps with a clause below.

Postgraduate education

Postgraduate study ranges from programs (a)------ to degree programs of several years' duration, either in an academic discipline or a professional field. Many professions also require periodic postgraduate study in order to maintain certification for practice.

Graduate schools generally award master's degrees or doctorates to those (b)------. A year is usually required to obtain a master's degree, (c)------ than is needed for a baccalaureate. The doctoral degree involves a longer period of study and requires participation in and summation of some type of original research, as well as written and oral examinations.

The demands for specific courses of postgraduate study change with the needs of society. In most developing nations, for example, professional training in engineering and the health sciences is in great demand. In the United States and Canada the number of persons (d)------- greatly increased during the 1970s. Preparation for a career in medicine represents the most intensive curriculum, as a medical degree requires at least four years beyond the baccalaureate, and entry into a medical specialty can require four or more additional years of study. Many other occupations are currently being upgraded to the status of professions, with accompanying increases in the amount of postgraduate education (e)------.

In the U.S., a growing number of college students are continuing their education with postgraduate study. This has led to an expansion of facilities in universities around the nation. Postgraduate recruitment comes from various sources. Some college graduates (f)----- find it desirable to return to graduate schools for advanced training. A further trend has been to open professional training to minority groups (g)------- because their access to prerequisite study has been restricted.

An ever-increasing number of women are now students in higher education programs throughout the world. Traditionally, many professions, (h)------, were dominated by men. Women are now demanding and acquiring equal access to the postgraduate education necessary for entry into all professions. This trend is likely to continue as political, economic, and social barriers to equal opportunity for women are removed.

As per capita income increases in a society, the demand for professional training in technical and human services also increases. Foreign aid from developed nations and educational programs (i)------ have done much to support the expansion of postgraduate education in developing countries. Many nations now include plans for the development of postgraduate studies as part of their own systems of higher education rather than supporting professional training abroad for citizens (j)------.

1. including engineering, law, and medicine

2. sponsored by the United Nations

3. emphasizing intensive training in a specific aspect of professional practice

4. needed for entry and advancement

5. which demands the acquisition of a higher level of knowledge

6. who may or may not return to their own countries

7. applying to schools of medicine, law, and business management

8. who have satisfactorily completed prescribed courses of study

9. that have historically been excluded

10. who went directly into employment