4 Systems

1. Early fat lamb (Febr. – to sell on easter)

2. Traditional fat lamb (Apr/May – to sell on June/September)

3. State lamb fattening (August)

4. Hill sheep (lamb April/June – sell stores July-August)

Wool

Australia – 1 of the biggest producers

Merino – sheep race

Wool is called fleece

Lambs

Australia, New Zeeland, U.K.

Price

Price

1. Breed

   

2. Sex

3. Supply and Demand

4. Price 50kc/kg – 65-40

   

   Dec

   Jan

5. Time of the year

Lambing %

Num. of lambs sold/num of ewes to ram*100

1. Breed

2. Flushing

3. Rams fertility

4. Breed of Ram

5. Disease – blue tongue

Schallenburg – virus

6. Theft

7. Dogs

8. Time of year

Sheep production (flock)

Stockman ship – shepherd

Age of ewe not > 6 years

Current number of Rams – 40 ewes/ram

Under fed

Bonus

Scanned – twin lambs

Disease

% of Deaths

Store lamb fattening

So why?

1. Grass

2. Arable farms – Harvest july

   1. Catch crop – Feed Nov/Dec

   2. Sow crop – March/apr

Labor

Regular – Number x Price

Casual

Pigs

Piglet, Sow, Boar, Litter, Gilt

Better to breed inside of the building

Pigs are sensitive to temperature

Output – 25 pigs/sow/year

Inside breeding:

1. Capital ⤒

2. More labor efficient

3. 1 person can serve 150-200 sows

4. Factory operation

Breeding

Date of weaving – 3 weeks

Age of sow – 2or3 years

Health of sow

Health of boar/artificial insemination

Age of boar

Num.of pigs weaned/litter – 10

Number born: - alive/litter – 5-12

• Dead/litter – 1

Piglet mortality 12%

Number born:

• Age of sow – 40% replacement

• Health of sow

• Breed – inbreeding: Landrace, large white

• Boar –health

• Boar – fertility – A.I. 70%

• Feeding of sow

• Temperature

• Ventilation

Piglet Mortality 10-25%

• Farrowing building – crate

• Vigour/health piglets

• Disease – mastitis -> udder (antibiotics)

• Stockman ship – bonus

• Temperature

When sow/gilt farrows

• Date of farrowing

• How many born

• Date weaned – how many?

• Sow number

Feed

Sows/boars 1.2 t/sow/year

Small pigs 1.2 t/sow/year

(from 3 days old, 35-40 kg in 6 weeks)

• Quotes and shop around

• Volume rebates

• Forward contracts

• Discount for early payment

• Test feed

• Waste of food

Fattening pigs

• Pork – 77kg l.w. – 76% K.O. 2.3 FCR 5-7 weeks

• Cutter 90kg l.w – 77% K.O. 2.6 FCR 10 weeks

• Bacon 103kg l.w. – 77% K.O. 2.7 FCR 12 weeks

• Heavy hog 110kg l.w. – 78% K.O. 3.4 FCR 14 weeks

• FCR – feed conversion ratio

Factors affecting cwg + FCR

• Design of buildings

• Ventilation

• Temperature

• Feed quality

• TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients

• Disease + parasites (round worm)

• Mortality <1%

• Market demand

Total feed used/Total live weight=TDN

Opening weight kg A

Total weight in kg B

Total Weight pigs sold kg C

Total weight at month end D

Total weight pigs transferred Dut kg E

C+D+E-A-B=Total LWG in month

Opening stock – tones F

Deliveries tones G

Closing stock tones H

F+G-H=tones fed

Pork not > 2.3

Price/kg

-World supply/demand

-Quality grading (feed, breed)

-Currency

-Negotiation

-Bad press

Home saved food:

Cheaper ??? Save merchant cost, labor cost, transport

Vermin rats – disease

Higher waste age

World supply of inputs

High quality

Economies of scale

Supervision technology

Machinery costs

Depreciation

Repairs

Fuel/oil 300.000 litres/year

Vehicle insurance and vehicle tax

Electricity

Depreciation

Fall in value of machinery

Good maintenance

Too many machines

Value of old machine

Shop around

Too many vehicles

When to replace

Repairs

Why breakdown ? Maintenance

Creative mending

Over repairing

Check hours

Spare parts shop around

Fuel/oil

Rec……. cultivations

Shop around

Group buying

Fuel efficient tractors

Theft