Agriculture II: Lecture 1

• Dairying:

  • Milk-> cheese, butter, yoghurt, cream, pectin.

Rumen- ruminat (stomach system) -sheep, cattle,

• Non ruminat-pigs, poultry

• Milk: comes from calf. (Prices of beef increase, because less cows)

• Quota: 1983

  • Intervention- all the milk turn into butter, they couldn’t sell it because of

prices in Europe. It’s beginning to cost more & more money.

• They told each farmer, they can produce exact amount of butter.

• Quota is now too, but prices on milk much more free market.

• 2015- the quota will be removed.

• C.A.P.- common agriculture policy

• Rent/lease quota (as an emergency) for a year

• [What affects yield?] Economics-> yield/cow X price/litre

• Yield/cow: 3000 l-> 11000 l/cow

1. Feed- (maize/corn, lucerne, grass) silage- important quality.

-M.E. = time of harvest

-Maize harvesting= September

-Grass harvesting= May/ June, August, September

2. Accommodation- disease

3. Breed- Holstein Friesian (type of a cow)- 60 l/day

• Jersey/ Guernsey- 5% fat (creamy)

• Calf- tele, pregnancy, conception, service-inseminace, replacement, cull cow

4. Length of dry period- loweeks

5. Age of cow

6. 2 or 3x day- milking interval (150% increase)

7. B.S.T.

8. Routine

9. Fertility –feeding

• when to serve?

• 42 days conception

• Calving index, if < 390 days

• Timeliness

• Disease

• Size of animal

• Accommodation –cubicles – too small

• Water

• Light

• Quality of the concentrate

• Trough space

• Mixer wagon Work properly

• Management of the technical advisor, veterinary

All of these things are under control of the management

• Two types of production

• High output/ high cost (C.R.)

• Low output/ low cost- N.Z. [5000- 6000 l]

Economics ->

Yield/Cow – Price/Litre

1. Quality- % fat, not < 3,5% (feeding, disease)

-% protein

2. Demand- currency (7-10 kc/l)

3. Contract- who supplying(12 month notice)

4. Volume Bonus

5. Antibiotics

6. Temperature

7. Clean – Total Bacterial Count

8. Cell Count – Somatic Cell count

9. Every other day collection

• Fixed Assets

1. Land

2. Machinery

3. Buildings

4. Breeding Livestock

5. Milk quota

6. Entitlements

• Current Assets

1. Stocks- fertilizer, sprays, seed fuel

2. Debtors

3. Non breeding livestock

4. Growing crops

5. Cash

• Fixed liabilities

1.Loans

2.Mortgage

• Current liabilities

1.Creditor

2. Bank overdraft

• Profit loss Account

• Output-costs= profit

• Profit

• Tax, private costs, loan repayments, increasing farm size, animal numbers

• Depreciation. Fall in value of machinery

1. Machinery last longer

2. Good maintenance

3. Shop around for new equipment

4. New technology

5. Currency 2300 Kc/Ha

6. Price old machinery 3300 Kc/Ha

7. Tax

• Price of wheat

1. World supply/demand

2. Quality-> kiloweight

3. Variety

4. Time of selling

• Fertilizer Price

1. Group buying

2. Shop around

3. Quantity discount

4. Supply demand

5. Quality

6. Time of purchase

7. Currency

• Yield of wheat:

1. Machinery that works

2. Storage losses

3. Agronomy

4. Nutrition x when?

5. Diseases

6. Insects/pests

7. Variety

8. Seedbed

9. Rotation

10. Time of sowing – September or March…

11. Time of harvest

12. Drainage

13. Compaction

14. pH

15. Timeleness

16. Lodging

Calf

Beef production mainly.

Price

1. Male or Female - males grow faster, more profitable

2. Breed – Limousin ⤒

Belgian blue⤒

Halfstein ⤓ (for milk production)

3. Calves are sold after 7-10 days from their birth

Colostrum – contains antibodies. If a cow does not have them enough it would be always sick

Usual breeding: 60% Halfstein 40% Beef (If to have the same number)

Who buy?

1. Farmers producing Beefs

2. Export

Cull cows

1.Age

2. Disease – Mastits

3. Low Yielding

4. Difficult to milk

5. Injury

6. Replacement

(Healthy Heifer – 45000 CZK, Cull cow – 18000 CZK)

Mad cow disease

1. Weight

2. Conformation ( Shape of body)

Replacement Rate

Number sold+Died/Average num.in Herd*100

Ideally should be not more then 23-25%

Death 1-2% not more.

Cause:

1. Wire

2. Splits

3. Calving

4. Heart attack

5. Disease

Feed Rate

Feed used (KG)/Litres of milk * 100

1. Yield/cow

2. Quantity of forage

3. Price of Concentrates (Energy and Protein)

4. Acidosis

Price/Tone

1. G.m. or not (G.m.-genetically modified)

2. Organic

3. World price of grain (wheat, soya 7500 -15000 Kc/t)

4. Energy in Ration (feed)

5. Group buying

6. Shop around

7. Load size

8. Payment (if pay in advance>have a discount)

Stocking Rate

How many Ha?

Livestock units / cow equipment

1 cow = 1 L.U.

1 ewe = 0.2 L.U.

1 bulling heifer = 0.7 L.U.

Opportunity cost or Land

Limiting Factor

1. Soil factor

2. Excessive silage waste

3. Too much silage

4. Low silage yields (Maize – 45-50t/ha, Lucerne -40t/ha, Grass-45t/ha)

Veterinary/Medicine

1. How often – regular visits

2. Drugs for cows

3. Night visits

4. Rate/hour -3000Kc/hour + travel

5. Pay on time

6. Check account

S.D.I. ???????

1. Artificial Insemination costs

2. Dairy Chemicals

3. Other Direct costs

Dairy Replacements

24-26 months to calve

Big enough

Served at 15 month old (350-400 kg)

Artificial insemination or Natural Service

Sexed semen - used particularly on the young Heifers\

Live weight Gain ( how much they get weight every day, how they grow)

0.75kg/day

July – August – the price of the milk would be higher

Calve May – June

Serve January-February

So WHY???????

1. Genetics known

2. Disease

Why not?

1. Known calving date

2. Vaccination

3. Buy anywhere

4. Buildings/ Labour

Beef Production

Used for: Meet, leather, Gelatin

Feed conversion Ratio

Poultry 1,5:1

Pigs 2.5:1

Beef 5:1 – 7:1

1. Cereal/Barley Beef – fat by 12-15 months

1.1-1.3 kg/day

Breed – Halfstein (male) 1.5-1.75 t/year

2. 18-20 months beef –grow fast

• Size batches

3. Suckler beef – least intensive

• Poorer land

Calving %

Number of calves reared alive/ average number of cows severed *100

1). Health of cows – disease- feeding

2). Health of bull – infertile

- too fast

3).Correct Number – 30-40 cows/bull

4). Death of Calves (Unattended calving, Cold, Difficult calving)

Factors affecting C.W.G.

1. High enough feed quality

2. Disease – parasites (worms, lung worms, flat warms)

3. Breed

4. Sex (Bulls, steers)

5. Growth Hormones

6. Deaths (If > 0.5% => have problems)

Price of Beef

1. 60 Kc/Kg live weight

2. Supply and Demand

   1. Less calves

   2. Brazil, Argentina, U.S.A.

3. Feed

4. Quality (Grade – EUROP (E-best, P-worst)

   1. Breed

   2. Age

   3. Carcass, conformation

   4. Feeding regime

   5. Male or female

   6. % fat

Killing out

1. Breed

2. Sex

3. Feed Regime

4. Cross compliance

5. Passport

Sheep Production

Ewe - ovce

Ram – beran

Lamb – jehne

Wool

Flush – to feed the sheep better and better

Gestation – the length of pregnancy (5 months)