
- •Grammar
- •Verbals Syntax
- •1. Verbals: Forms and Types
- •2. Participle
- •3. Participle: forms and functions
- •4. Participle: participial phrases
- •5. Participles in the language of science and documents
- •In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).
- •6. Constructions with participles
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always to-infinitive)
- •2. Nominative with the Participle
- •3. Other
- •7. Constructions with participles (Cont’d)
- •1. Absolute participial constructions:
- •2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):
- •In absolute constructions.
- •8. Participles: review
- •9. Infinitive: Functions, Bare Infinitive
- •10. Infinitive: Constructions and phrases
- •It is hard / easy / good / bad / impossible / not for smb. To do smth.
- •11. Infinitive: Infinitive or -ing-form?
- •12. Gerund: Forms and Functions
- •Verbal features:
- •13. Gerund and infinitive after verbs
- •15. Gerund: review
- •16. Gerund: review
- •1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.
- •2. Subject (Cont’d).
- •1. Notional “It”:
- •2. Formal “It”
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive
- •2. Nominative With the Participle
- •3. Other
- •3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
- •1. Simple
- •2. Compound
- •If the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”
- •4. Compound predicate (Cont’d)
- •5. Subject-predicate agreement
- •6. Object
- •It shows the person to whom or for whom the action is done.
- •I bought my girlfriend a nice present. À I bought it for her yesterday.
- •7. Object (Cont’d)
- •I find it impossible (to argue with him).
- •I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
- •8. Object (Cont’d)
- •I allow you to go.
- •9. Attribute
- •10. Attribute (Cont’d)
- •11. Simple sentence (final remarks)
- •In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
8. Participles: review
Exercise 8.1. Translate underlined participles, replace them with sentences.
1. Vegetables grown in hot-houses are not so rich in color and taste as vegetables growing in natural surroundings.
2. I could hardly recognize in this self-possessed man grown to maturity the hot-headed youngster I had once known.
3. His eyes had the eager and expectant look of a man returning home after a long absence.
4. He had the happy and elated look of a man just returned home after a long absence.
5. A great many people are ever grateful to the surgeon for the power of seeing returned them by his skillful hands.
6. Beneath the trees lay a thick carpet of fallen leaves turned yellow, red and brown.
7. She left the stew on the gas turned low.
8. Changed into his uniform, he looked younger and slimmer.
9. We came nearer to listen to the guide explaining something to the people grouped at the picture.
10. I have never seen him at the club before; he must be a member recently joined.
Exercise 8.2. Use Participle II instead of Participle I where possible.
1. Having been wounded in the leg, he limped a little.
2. Being badly wounded, he recovered slowly.
3. The boy was wearing a cap similar to those being worn by other jockeys at the stables.
4. The importance of the experiment being made is that it may lead to a discovery of great consequence.
5. Having arrived in a big sea port, I started to look for a job.
6. By this time, having acclimated himself to the atmosphere of the new place, he no longer felt a stranger.
7. Having slept two hours, I felt refreshed and rested.
8. Having been once found on the beach, the stone served now as a paper-weight and was one of the table's decorations.
9. Being sung by the voice of this unseen girl, the strain brought back to me long forgotten memories.
10. Having completed all our preparations, we hired a cab and hurried off.
11. Being completed, the parts were transported to the assembly shop.
12. When the young people, having returned from their day's outing, came into the dining-room, they found dinner ready and served.
13. Not having been approved of by an overwhelming majority of the members of the committee, the proposal was turned down.
14. Never having experienced such difficulties, he was at a loss.
15. Rain is very rare in our parts, but having once begun, it won't stop for days on end.
Exercise 8.3. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate form of the participle wherever possible.
1. She stayed (to lock) in her room, (to refuse) to come downstairs.
2. He had a good practical knowledge of the language, (to work) as an interpreter for many years.
3. The boys on the fence looked like swallows (to perch) on a telegraph wire.
4. They went out as they had come, (to see) and (to see) by no one on their way.
5. "I like it here," she said, (to seat) herself at the table nearest to the window.
6. He looked so beautiful and peaceful, (to sit) in that chair under the tree.
7. He looked at the scene (to shake) to the depth of his heart.
8. The boy came out of the water, all blue and (to shake) from head to foot.
9. (To plunge) headlong into that enterprise, he was now desperately looking for a way out of it.
10. (To plunge) in thought, he did not seem to notice what was going on around him.
11. (To arrive) at the airport where he was to change, he had to wait for three hours for the connection.
12. (To arrive) in the town about twenty years before, he had succeeded thereafter beyond his wildest expectations.
13. He introduced me to a friend of his, recently (to arrive) after a cruise round Europe.
14. (To support) by her elbow, Mary listened to their talk.
15. (To support) her by his arm, he helped her out of the carriage.
16. The girl was fascinated by the dark surface of the water (to reflect) the cold lanterns of stars.
17. The young foliage of the trees, (to reflect) in the river, looked like shimmering lace.
18. I saw the figure of an old woman (to come) towards me.
19. He was like an invalid newly (to come) after a long illness.
20. My brother is a soldier just (to come) back home on leave.
21. He retired (to leave) the laboratory in the hands of a talented successor.
22. He retired (to turn) the laboratory into a big research center.
23. (To do) with their meal, they went for a stroll in the park.
24. (To finish) their meal, they went for a stroll in the park.
25. (To return) home and (to see) his parents worried he asked what the matter was.
26. (To dine) and (to puff) leisurely at their cigars, the men were engaged in a desultory conversation.
27. (To look) through the paper and (to okay) it, he gave it to the secretary to be typed.
28. (To beat), (to despair), (to labor) in vain for half an hour, he still persisted in one last effort, (to try) to get breath into the limp body of the drowned man.
29. He recoiled as if (to expect) a blow.
30. The room had a musty smell as though (not to live) in for quite a time.
31. My father hates being disturbed when (to engage) in some kind of work.
32. He always keeps a diary while (to travel).
Exercise 8.4. Translate into English using participles.
(A) Based on an episode from The Pickwlck Papers by Ch. Dickens.
1. Джентльмена, пригласившего мистера Пиквика и его друзей, звали мистер Уордль.
2. Разбуженный ярким утренним солнцем, мистер Пиквик встал очень рано.
3. Он подошел к окну, выходившему в сад (to overlook the garden).
4. Мистер Пиквик увидел, что в саду стоит мистер Уордль с ружьем в руке.
5. Дожидаясь мистера Пиквика и его друзей, мистер Уордль тщательно осмотрел ружье.
6. Когда все приготовления были закончены, друзья отправились в лес.
7. Зарядив ружье, мистер Уинкль выстрелил (to fire).
8. Так как мистеру Тапмену было сказано стоять у дерева, заряд попал ему в руку (the charge hit his arm).
9. Мистер Уинкль подбежал к мистеру Тапмену, лежавшему на земле с закрытыми глазами.
10. Рана мистера Тапмена не была серьезной, так как ружье было заряжено дробью (small shot).
11. Мистер Тапмен медленно шел домой, поддерживаемый всеми своими друзьями.
12. Увидев мистера Тапмена с перевязанной рукой, мисс Рейчел лишилась чувств.
(B) Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.
1. Окруженный грубыми и жестокими людьми, Давид очень страдал и, наконец, решил бежать к своей тетушке, жившей в Дувре (Dover).
2. Выйдя из дома, Давид увидел, что на улице стоит долговязый парень с маленькой тележкой, запряженной ослом (donkey-cart).
3. Схватив чемодан и деньги Давида, долговязый парень вскочил в тележку и поехал с такой быстротой, что Давид не мог его догнать.
4. Когда Давид шел в Дувр, он часто думал о своей матери и о том, что она ему рассказывала о мисс Бетси.
5. Оставшись без денег (penniless), он очень страдал от голода и холода.
6. Он провел ночь у ограды, окружавшей Салемскую школу (Salem House).
7. Когда он пришел, наконец, в Дувр, он спросил у рыбака, где живет мисс Бетси Тротвуд..
8. Дрожа от страха и усталости, Давид подошел к хорошенькому домику, окруженному садом.
9. Увидев грязного, одетого в лохмотья мальчика, мисс Бетси велела ему уйти из ее сада.
10. Подойдя к ней, Давид робко сказал, что он сын ее умершего племянника.
11. Услышав эти слова, мисс Бетси посмотрела на него с величайшим изумлением да так и присела на дорожку.
12. Рассказав ей свою печальную историю, Давид не выдержал и разразился слезами.
(C) Based on Russian literature.
1. Генерал ходил взад и вперед по комнате, куря свою трубку. (Пушкин)
2. Денисова отвели в приготовленную для него комнату... (Л. Толстой)
3. Старик, сидевший с ним, уже давно ушел домой. (Л. Толстой)
4. Все жители находились тут же, ожидая самозванца (the Pretender). (Пушкин)
5. И он посмотрел кругом, как бы желая понять, как можно не сочувствовать природе (to have no feeling for nature). (Тургенев)
6. Анна Сергеевна стояла к нему спиной. Услышав шаги, она тихонько обернулась. (Тургенев)
7. Однажды Базаров, гуляя с ней по саду, внезапно промолвил угрюмым голосом, что намерен скоро уехать в деревню, к отцу (to his father's place). (Тургенев)
8. Базаров обернулся и увидел бледное лицо Николая Петровича, сидевшего на дрожках (droshky). (Тургенев)
9. Обед, хотя наскоро сготовленный, вышел очень хороший, даже обильный... (lavish) (Тургенев)
10. Кити заметила, что, расспрашивая про её родных, мадам Шталь улыбнулась презрительно (scornfully). (Л. Толстой)
11. Оставшись один с Марьей Николаевной, Левин обратился к ней. (Л. Толстой)
12. Увидав мужа, Долли опустила руки в ящик стола, будто отыскивая что-то... (Л. Толстой)
13. Вронский внимательно слушал Левина..., очевидно интересуясь его словами. (Л. Толстой)
14. Анна, взглянув вниз, узнала тотчас же Вронского. (Л. Толстой)
15. Прочтя письмо, он поднял на нее глаза. (Л. Толстой)
16. Наконец, как бы сделав усилие над собой, она поднялась и оттолкнула его. (Л. Толстой)
17. Вронский приказал подбежавшему к нему из второго класса немцу взять вещи и ехать, а сам подошел к ней. (Л. Толстой)
18. И мать, сопутствуемая доктором, вошла в гостиную к Кити. (Л. Толстой)
19. Войдя в маленький кабинет Кити, Долли вспомнила, как убирали (to decorate) они вместе эту комнатку. (Л. Толстой)
20. И покрытое слезами милое лицо спряталось в юбке платья Дарьи Александровны. (Л. Толстой)
21. У Долли похолодело (turned cold) сердце, когда она увидела Кити, сидевшую на низеньком стуле и устремившую неподвижные глаза на угол ковра. (Л. Толстой)
22. Часто, читая вслух, когда он доходил до патетического места, голос его начинал дрожать. (Л. Толстой)