- •Grammar
- •Verbals Syntax
- •1. Verbals: Forms and Types
- •2. Participle
- •3. Participle: forms and functions
- •4. Participle: participial phrases
- •5. Participles in the language of science and documents
- •In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).
- •6. Constructions with participles
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always to-infinitive)
- •2. Nominative with the Participle
- •3. Other
- •7. Constructions with participles (Cont’d)
- •1. Absolute participial constructions:
- •2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):
- •In absolute constructions.
- •8. Participles: review
- •9. Infinitive: Functions, Bare Infinitive
- •10. Infinitive: Constructions and phrases
- •It is hard / easy / good / bad / impossible / not for smb. To do smth.
- •11. Infinitive: Infinitive or -ing-form?
- •12. Gerund: Forms and Functions
- •Verbal features:
- •13. Gerund and infinitive after verbs
- •15. Gerund: review
- •16. Gerund: review
- •1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.
- •2. Subject (Cont’d).
- •1. Notional “It”:
- •2. Formal “It”
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive
- •2. Nominative With the Participle
- •3. Other
- •3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
- •1. Simple
- •2. Compound
- •If the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”
- •4. Compound predicate (Cont’d)
- •5. Subject-predicate agreement
- •6. Object
- •It shows the person to whom or for whom the action is done.
- •I bought my girlfriend a nice present. À I bought it for her yesterday.
- •7. Object (Cont’d)
- •I find it impossible (to argue with him).
- •I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
- •8. Object (Cont’d)
- •I allow you to go.
- •9. Attribute
- •10. Attribute (Cont’d)
- •11. Simple sentence (final remarks)
- •In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
10. Attribute (Cont’d)
Exercise 10.1. Define whether the attribute is restrictive (particularizing) or nonrestrictive (descriptive) and add commas where necessary.
1. Ed’s country house which is located on thirteen acres was completely furnished with mice.
2. One corner of the attic was filled with newspapers dating from the turn of the century.
3. They had to face the truth that they had spent all their money.
4. She knew the only truth that they had spent all their money.
5. Cars parked illegally will be removed.
6. The castle burnt down in 1485 was never rebuilt.
7. Fred Long who is a neighbor of yours will be visiting us this evening.
8. Employees who have government contracts are supposed to extend them.
9. Then again he met the girl who invited him to a party.
10. Then again he met the girl who had invited him to the party.
11. Here’s the man whom I mentioned the other day.
12. Here’s John Smithson whom I mentioned the other day.
13. Monday was the day on which he left.
14. I found at my elbow a pretty girl who was begging for a penny.
15. They will do for a man who was in the war what they will never do for any other man.
Exercise 10.2. Underline the apposition, say whether it is restrictive (close) or nonrestrictive (loose) and add commas where necessary.
1. Norman Mailer’s first novel The Naked and the Dead was a best-seller.
2. The song “Fire It Up” was blasted out of amplifiers ten feet tall.
3. Tommy Trott a man of law sold his bed and lay upon straw.
4. She was greatly concerned about Juliana her youngest and prettiest daughter.
5. A letter from uncle Samuel cheered him no end.
6. Here was I Lucy Waring being asked into the water for a play.
7. There was the dolphin Jack who saw the ships through Cook Strait for twenty years.
8. George Lamb your friend has just telephoned.
9. Your friend George Lamb has just telephoned.
10. Your best friend George Lamb has just telephoned.
Exercise 10.3. Supply necessary articles for nouns modified by other nouns.
1. ... Frank Sinatra Show
2. ... Frank Sinatra’s Show
3. ... Pskov Museum
4. ... Tretyakov Gallery
5. ... women’s college
6. ... summer’s day
7. ... girls’ school
8. ... fifteen minutes’ break
9. ... doctor’s words
10. ... doctor’s degree
11. ... Europe’s future
12. ... three weeks’ holiday
13. ... week’s holidays
14. ... theater season’s first big event
15. ... Verdi’s opera
16. ... Chaikovsky Hall
17. ... Chaikovsky’s symphony
18. ... someone’s raincoat
19. ... father-in-law’s office
20. ... students’ cafeteria
Order of attributes:
ooooooooo
1. age ANCIENT
2. color GRAY
3. descriptive epithet BRILLIANT
4. material MARBLE
5. modifier: article, numeral, possessive ALL
6. nationality, religion GREEK
7. noun phrase SCULPTURE JUNK
8. shape, price DEFORMED
9. size COLOSSAL
Exercise 10.4. Arrange the attributes in their proper order.
1. The (brown / rich) atmosphere was peculiar to the back rooms.
2. When her cry was over, Dulcie got up and took off her best dress, and put on (blue / her / old) kimono.
3. Henry Ogden wore finger rings and a (gold / big / expensive) watch and careful neckties.
4. (Sensitive / affectionate / young / imaginative) boys get a bad time at school.
5. Her mother was speaking in (pleasing / her / slightly metallic / low) voice.
6. He put his packet of easy vegetables on the (violet / new) tablecloth, and wiped out his hat brim with a (pocket / abundant / yellow / crimson / and) handkerchief.
7. In (red / Turkish) slippers and a (old / velvet / brown) coat Keith Darrant sits asleep.
8. He, alone, perhaps, of painters would have done justice to Annette in her (lacy / black) dress.
9. "You take me for a (English / common) dog, sir!" his silence seemed to say.
10. The next day came the (red / little) bull, drawing the cart to the office door.
11. He was naked and painted blue and yellow in stripes a (jolly / little) chap.
12. "You and I," the little dog seemed saying with his (little / Chinese) stare, "object."
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
Exercise 10.5. Analyze the adverbial modifiers.
1. After reading the book I changed my mind.
2. I sometimes see her there.
3. Have you been here long? - A couple of hours.
4. It was still raining.
5. Don't stand there, dear.
6. Come here!
7. We walked a long way.
8. You must not talk so fast.
9. He spoke without looking at me.
10. The story is extremely long.
11. The box weighs a ton.
12. I lost that job through falling ill.
13. She was bright enough to see through him.
14. But for this, things would have eventually come right.
15. She raised her eyebrows slightly as if surprised to see me there.
16. Have you come to talk business?
17. His theory, for all his reputation, was already out of date.
18. Apart from spelling, your English is decent.
Exercise 10.6. Analyze and sort the adverbial modifiers (on cards).
Exercise 10.7. Analyze the adverbial modifiers and say what they are expressed by.
1. A secretary came running with a frightened expression. 2. Mary descended the slope very easily. 3. The people in the bus remained silent till the end of the ride. 4. In spite of their lively talk each of them had something in reserve. 5. Alfred returned presently with quite a creditable assortment of tools. 6. They were just passing in through a side door. 7. The lady lived in a large gloomy house in one of London's higher class squares. 8. The fire that was merrily burning in the grate attracted the newcomers as a magnet. 9. Bill was much too exhausted from his night vigil to be of any further help. 10. The room was empty save for a small boy playing with his toys in a corner. 11. But for sheer coincidence, you would hardly be likely to run across him in this busy place. 12. Caroline, not knowing what to say, looked questioningly at her companion. 13. The village is large enough to organize a drama society for the young folk. 14. Despite his easy smile, the man was woefully difficult to deal with. 15. The woman cried out in spite of herself. 16. Whatever the circumstances, you must be confident of your just cause, my friends. 17. The motorcycle rushed past like a lightning leaving a cloud of smoke and a few stunned passers-by behind. 18. In case of any emergency, press the knob on your right.
Exercise 10.8. Find a matching adverbial modifier (predicative) of comparison / manner.
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Exercise 10.9. Analyze the highlighted words.
1. He was a snob without shame.
2. He was telling lies without shame.
3. This court, encircled by a gallery on the upper floor, was roofed with a glass roof, supported by eight columns running up from the ground.
4. I've tried to plan a house here with some self-respect of its own.
5. "That ought to come down," he said, pointing to the oak-tree. "You think so? You think that with the tree there you don't get enough view for your money?"
6. When her hand was refused, June put it behind her. Her eyes grew steady with anger.
7. The talk in the neighborhood reflected the same feeling, and indignation against Martin ran high.
8. Father Ensteili said he could show me places in the neighborhood that he didn't think I'd be likely to discover for myself.
9. This, and the solid mud on his high boots, made him Cromwellian.
10. The light from the rose-shaded lamp fell on her neck and arms.
11. After luncheon, he enjoyed walking about in the dining-room with his cigar.
12. Bosinney stepped in after her.
13. Lovely weather after the rain, is it not?
14. He turned to Michael, "I've often told you, Michael, that life today can be very difficult for more than the working class."
15. Then Bini wrote and told me to pass through Pisa today on my way home, so that I could come here.
16. Do you know the situation at present in nuclear physics?
17. My position is a discouraging one at present.
18. Before him extended the heavy mass of the university buildings.
19. Bosinney and Irene arrived before them.